晚明文坊出現系列藝文性《十六觀》的著作，以陳繼儒（1558-1639）《讀書十六觀》為首，屠本畯（1542-1622）《演讀書十六觀》、吳愷（?-1644-?）《讀書十六觀補》、陳鑑（1594-1676）《操觚十六觀》、沈懋功（?-1629-?）《山遊十六觀》、祁承㸁（1563-1628）《園居十六觀》、陳洪綬（1599-1652）《隱居十六觀》等繼之，它們遙承《佛說觀無量壽佛經》之十六種淨土觀想，結合時代社會風氣，穿梭於宗教與藝文範疇間，由觀想淨土轉向觀想文士，形成晚明筆記中頗具特色的系脈。系列作品奠基在宋明以來蓬勃發展的世說體和語錄體等筆記的言說方式上，共同完成了「十六觀」的體質改造，凝定了以十六則前輩文士經驗的敘述為主的文本型態。先後經歷三個重要的里程，先是《讀書十六觀》在晚明的文化背景中，初步揭示了一個有別於一般讀書筆記的言說型態；繼而《園居十六觀》標誌了此一言說型態受到語錄文化的滋養，而有了更加鮮明的敘說者的個人特質，清楚指向對於園居者主體修為實踐的關懷；然後過渡到明亡後的陳洪綬，《隱居十六觀》進而以人物圖像代替文字敘述，畫面停駐在活動過程中的某一片刻，切斷了過去與未來、前因與後果，也削弱了該一活動與典出人物歷史材料的聯結，以畫目、款印，以及感懷身世的詩詞，提供讀者作為索解詮釋的線索，畫家與畫中人物之間存在更為緊密卻隱秘難宣的關聯。

Led by Chen Jiru's (1558-1639) Dushu shiliü guan (Sixteen Contemplations in Reading), a series of literary works appeared during the late Ming to follow up the theme of "sixteen contemplations." Inherited from The Amitāyurdhyāna Sūtra, Tu Benjun's (1542-1622) Yan dushu shiliü guan (Performing Sixteen Contemplations in Reading), Wu Kai's (?-1644-?) Dushu shiliü guan bu (A Supplement to Sixteen Contemplations in Reading), Chen Jian's (1594-1676) Caogu shiliü guan (Writing Sixteen Contemplations), Shen Maogong's (?-1629-?) Shanyou shiliü guan (Sixteen Contemplations in Travel), Qi Chenghan's (1563-1628) Yuanjü shiliü guan Sixteen Contemplations in Garden), and Chen Hognshou's (1599-1652) Yinjü shiliü guan (Sixteen Contemplations in Seclusion) are not only related to these contemplations but are contextualized in contemporary society, where a unique branch of the genre, biji (brush notes) formed in the late Ming, specializing in the content that flows from the contemplation of the Kşetra (pure land) to the scholars. This series of literature, based on oral description from the styles of shishuo (known as a style from A New Account of the Tales of the World) and quotation, altered the essence of The Amitāyurdhyāna Sūtra and thus settled a type of literary text that jotted down sixteen stories of scholars' life experiences. This change went through three significant stages. Sixteen Contemplations in Reading first explores a type of written narration, different from general brush notes through the cultural context of the late Ming. Second, Sixteen Contemplations in Garden remarks that the development of the abovementioned style of narration was nourished by the writing culture of dialogue. Such verbalization therefore vivified the individualization of narrators, clearly centering on the garden owner's practice in life. Thirdly, crossing the transition to the Qing, Chen's Sixteen Contemplations in Seclusion further replaces texts with pictures, pausing at certain moments of the past activity without historical consciousness. To de-historicize representations, this type of presentation embraces pictures, stamps, and poetry to recall one's previous experience, providing clues for readers to interpret. The relations between a printer and the printed are intimate yet enigmatic.

十六觀;陳繼儒;祁承㸁;陳洪綬;話語唱和;經驗觀想

Sixteen Contemplations;Chen Jiru;Qi Chenghan;Chen Hongshou;Echoes of the Discourse;Visualized Contemplation