雍正十二年(1734)至乾隆四年(1739)，清朝與準噶爾部息兵議和。這次談判奠定了準部滅亡前清準間最後的十餘年和平，反映出彼時雙方勢力對比及各自戰略得失。然以往研究對此議判斷差異較大，並缺乏總體性成果闡明其中基本局勢。經由析解不同一手檔案記載，考量談判當事人之歷史處境可知，清朝方面主動提出議和，卻未能實現索要羅卜藏丹津(1693-?)，完成定邊書面協議等談判預期；準部則通過有效的談判手腕，使清朝讓步同意其恢復貿易、入藏熬茶等條件。面對這一事實，實錄與方略兩種清朝官方史書選擇性地提取檔案中的信息，釋放出準部先向清朝乞和的訊號，並以率先呈現準部議界方案的辦法，抹平了議界中雙方存在的分歧，掩飾了自身談判策略的失誤，更將此議湮沒在對清朝平準軍需後勤事務的詳細記載中，打造出皇帝為平準大業「宵旰勤政」的形象，成功地描繪出一場由清朝主導、最終取勝的談判。由此，雍正至乾隆朝清準議和得以成為乾隆帝成就十全武功的先聲，被納入清朝建構大一統敘事之一環。

The negotiations between the Qing and the Zunghar between 1734 and 1739 resulted in peace for a dozen years, which reflected the power dynamic between the two sides. These negotiations undoubtedly had great significance in their historical context, but nearly all the relevant research from the beginning of the twentieth century until present has not yet grasped the basic facts. Based on the assembly and comparison of the related archives, this article unravels a skein of facts of the negotiations that show, unlike the previous research that claimed the Zunghar sued for peace, that actually the Qing government initiatively endorsed the peace demand but failed to attain its goals, including signing a boundary treaty and return of fugitives. At the same time, the Qing was forced to accept Zunghar’s request to send commercial delegations to Beijing and religious messengers to Lhasa. This article further explicates the history of the Qing’s official documentation and thus discovers that officials glossed over their stumbles on Northwestern policy. The Qing’s official documentation fabricated an epic story that two industrious emperors were committed to fighting against Zunghar day and night and hence rendered Qing a triumph in the negotiations while their regime dominated the whole progress. To do so, they released signals that the Zunghar sued for peace; disclosed that the boundary proposal was already made by the Zunghar before the Qing set up any plan; and concealed many details of military supplies into the bargain. In this sense, this article aims to refigure the peace negotiations between the Qing and the Zunghar in the Yongzheng-Qianlong period and reveal how the negotiations became the harbinger of Qianlong Emperor’s Ten Great Campaigns (shiquan wugong) and a significant segment of the history of Chinese unification (dayitong).

雍正帝;噶爾丹策零;使者檔;準噶爾部;歷史書寫

Yongzheng emperor; peace negotiations; ministers’ archives; Zunghar Khanate; historical writing