本文思索客家話表凝結義的「kʰien2」與疑母「凝」字間的音義關聯，從而發現客家話至少有五組具 kʰ-、ŋ- 聲母交替關係的詞彙，反映漢語因聲別義的構詞手段，包含：1. kʰat7（雕刻義）─ ŋat7（刻痕義）；2. kʰiam5（跨步、跨越義）─ ŋiam5（指間跨度義）；3. kʰia5（胯下、張開、翹起義）─ ŋia5（翹起義）；4. kʰieu5（翹起義）─ ŋieu5（翹起義）；5. kʰap8（碰撞義）─ ŋap8（以額撞擊）等。經歸納，這幾組詞彙的形態交替關係有「kʰ- 為動詞、ŋ- 為名詞」、「kʰ- 為動作動詞、ŋ- 為狀態動詞」以及「ŋ- 的意義縮窄、專門化」等類型。
　　透過跨方言音韻比較，本文認為「kʰien2」的音韻地位應相當於中古時期的曾攝開口三等群母。藉由討論「kʰien2」與同族詞「kien5（使冰冷義）、kʰɛn5（冰與冰凍義）」的語音交替和語義演變關係，本文指出「kʰien2」與「凝」字均是以「冰」為核心語義，兩者是一組具有形態交替關係的同源詞。客家話舌根塞音與舌根鼻音聲母之交替現象並非客語之特異發展，而是超出中古音架構、與上古漢語之諧聲關係及形態變化相關的語言現象。

　　Pondering the phonological and semantic relationship between kʰien2, which means ‘to freeze’, and the Chinese character 凝 pronounced with initial ŋ- in Hakka, we identify at least five pairs of words in Hakka showing initial alternation between kʰ- and ŋ-, which is believed to be a manner of derivational morphology in Chinese. The five pairs are: 1. kʰat7 ‘to carve’ — ŋat7 ‘notch’; 2. kʰiam5 ‘to step across’ — ŋiam5 ‘span length’; 3. kʰia5 ‘crotch/to spread/to cock’ — ŋia5 ‘to cock’; 4. kʰieu5 ‘to cock’ — ŋieu5 ‘to cock’; 5. kʰap8 ‘to hit’ — ŋap8 ‘to hit with forehead’. These word sets exhibit three types of morphological alternations: 1. kʰ- form as verbs and ŋ- form as nouns; 2. kʰ- form as action verbs and ŋ- form as stative verbs; 3. ŋ- form with narrowed or specialized meaning.
　　Through cross-dialectal phonological comparison, we ascertain that the ancient phonological status of kʰien2 should be that of the Zeng She Division III unrounded rhyme with Qun initial. After investigating the phonetic alternation and semantic relationship among kʰien2, kien5 ‘to cool’ and kʰɛn5 ‘ice/frozen’, we conclude that kʰien2 and 凝 both share the same core meaning ‘ice’, and they are a pair of cognates showing morphological alternation by means of alternating initials kʰ- and ŋ-. Initial kʰ-/ŋ- alternation is not a peculiar phenomenon that merely exists in Hakka, but a phenomenon that goes beyond Middle Chinese and reflects phonetic relationships and morphological alternations of Archaic Chinese.

同源詞; 聲母交替; 舌根音; 因聲別義; 凝結義

cognates; initial alternation; velars; differentiation by sound; to freeze