基於圖像的比對，本文認為，遼寧省朝陽市唐永徽六年（655）孫則墓出土的兩件成對鉛黃釉武士俑，當中一件戴虎頭形帽者帽式可追索至佛教八部眾之一的乾闥婆（Gandharva）或執金剛神，祖型則可遠溯古希臘英雄赫拉克雷斯（Heracles）的獅頭帽；而另一件戴句喙鷹鳥形帽的武士俑可能和佛教八部眾之一的迦樓羅（Garuda）有關。戴獸帽武士俑迄四川宋墓墓門左右石刻武士仍可見到，後者有時身著頻見於毘沙門天（Vaiśravaṇa）像的人字形三叉鎖子甲，透露出戴獸帽武士與毘沙門天像的混融。另外，《佛說護諸童子陀羅尼經》說，做為毘沙門天眷屬的頭戴獅帽的乾闥婆，是來自掠奪人子的惡煞改邪歸正成了保護童子的送子善神，乾闥婆的裝扮正是中國民間小兒為了辟邪而頭戴虎頭帽或足穿虎頭鞋慣俗的原型。

Through comparative and iconographic analysis, this study has found that the two paired yellow lead glazed warrior figurines from the Tomb of Sun Ze (the sixth year of Yonghui in Tang Dynasty, 655 CE) in Chaoyang Liaoning have their respective cross-cultural origins. One of the figures’ headdresses, a tiger-headed helmet, suggests the origin of Buddhist deities Gandharva or Vajrapani—both are members of the Eight Legions—for the style. Its archetype is associated with the ancient Greek hero Heracles’ lion-headed hat. The other warrior figure, wearing a hawk-headed helmet, appears instead a connection with another Eight Legions deity Garuda. The motif of warrior figurines wearing animal-shaped helmets persisted even in the Song Dynasty, as evidenced by the stone guardians on the unearthed tomb entrances in Sichuan. These guardians in some cases are clad with a Y-shaped, trident-patterned chain armor, an element frequently associated with representations of Vaisavana, suggesting a tendency of depicting the warriors through the iconography of Vaisavana. Furthermore, the Gandharva’s lion headdress has a derivative meaning of children’s guardian. According to The Protection of Children Dharani Sutra, Gandharva was a retainer of Vaisavana. The figure was originally a malevolent being who kidnapped children but was later converted into a benevolent guardian deity for them. The Gandharvas wearing has thus become the prototype of Chinese children’s conventional clothing, for example the tiger-headed hat or tiger-headed shoes, to protect them from evil spirits.

唐代孫則墓; 鉛黃釉俑; 赫拉克雷斯; 毘沙門天; 乾闥婆; 迦樓羅; 虎頭帽; 獅頭帽

Tang Dynasty Tomb of Sun Ze; yellow lead glazed figurines; Heracles; Vaisavana; Gandharva; Garuda; tiger headed helmet; lion headed helmet