本文主要在探索明代京官的上班文化，透過對京官早朝以及辦公情況的追查，呈現明代京官上班文化的變遷過程，及其「時間」態度的轉變趨勢。全文分六個段落，首先從早朝簽到簿制度談起，進而語及明代京官註病假不早朝、不上班的情況；隨後則討論在位者對於官員不出席早朝的防治措施與懲處方式。在第四部分，論述的重點爲；京官不出席朝會、典禮，蹺班不辦公及延遲上班等現象，與社會風氣變遷的關聯，尤其是與飲宴、應酬文化的關係。在一至四部分討論完官員上班失序的情況之後，第五段則將明代皇帝早朝日漸延遲，甚而不舉行朝會，以至長期停止早朝的發展過程，與明代官員由安於職務到日漸鬆散的趨勢相對照。最後，則順帶討論明代京官早朝時，秩序不佳、聊天、談笑、勾肩搭臂等情況。在考察之後，我們發現；不論是皇帝抑或大臣，從十五世紀中葉以後，即慢慢呈現「工作時間脫序」的趨勢，隨著時間的發展，這一現象越來越明顯，至十六世紀末、十七世紀初更加嚴重。皇帝與官僚消極的工作態度，其實是兩條並存的曲線，而這種皇帝、官僚作息錯亂的情況，似乎呈現了皇權與官僚體系間消極的對抗。

This article is a close examination of work behavior of Ming central bureaucrats. By looking at their changing attitudes toward morning court attendance and their bureaucratic duties, this study enables us to better understand their work behavior and job devotion. The article is composed of six sections. The first section deals with the sign-up system and to "sick calls" of officials. The second and third sections describe the prevention of absence and punishment of absentees. Section four relates relaxing court attendance to the general degeneration of social mores. Section five studies the increasingly undisciplined court attendance of the Emperor himself that was reflected in the similarly carefree attitudes of the bureaucrats. Finally, the paper deals with the growing boisterous behavior of officials during court attendance. They felt free to make jokes, gossip, and poke fun at others during such occasions. One can observe that, after the mid-15th century, central bureaucrats tended to lose job discipline. This worsened during the 16th and the 17th centuries and was apparently reinforced by similar behavior of the Ming Emperors. Such a development marked the long cold war between the two parties.

明代；朝參；官員；皇帝；官僚政治；官僚文化

Ming; court attendance; officials; emperor; bureaucracy; bureaucratic culture