本文擬透過陽明心學出現後顏回與子貢的形象變遷，以見心學興起，確定「良知」作為衡量聖賢本體工夫與聖學系譜的標準，如何在萬曆時期產生多元論述的話語意義。首先以宋儒評價為背景，闡明晚明以前顏回與子貢的形象，觀看兩人在宋儒論述中所受的評價標準及其脈絡。其次指出陽明學以降對顏回與子貢的評價，是以「良知」為的，較宋儒分判標準已有不同，子貢評價自此跌入低谷。然至萬曆時期相關評論逐漸多元化，雖仍高揚顏回，但相較強調他高妙的悟道論述，更重視苦憤不得之心志；而對子貢的評價更是有所升進，不再對舉二人，而是注重其多學悟道的意義。透過顏回與子貢兩位重要孔門子弟的形象變化塑造，可以知曉晚明的情感與道德知識問題處在一種動態的發展狀態中，其對悟道工夫論述的看法，是會隨著理學、心學時代典範的轉移而有所更迭，對於聖賢經典人物的評價，亦自有不同的差異。

This paper investigates the transformation of the images of Yan Hui and Zigong during the Late Ming period, using their shifting portrayals to trace how the rise of Wang Yangming’s philosophy—and the elevation of “innate knowledge” (liangzhi 良知) as the measure of sagehood and Confucian orthodoxy—gave rise to new and contested discourses during the Wanli era. First, the study examines the depiction of Yan Hui and Zigong prior to the Late Ming period, focusing on the evaluative frameworks employed by Song dynasty Confucians. Next, it highlights how the emergence of Wang Yangming’s teachings led to a reconfiguration of these assessments, with “innate knowledge” supplanting earlier standards and resulting in a marked decline in Zigong’s status. However, by the Wanli period, evaluations became increasingly diverse. While Yan Hui continued to be highly esteemed, the basis of his reputation shifted—from an emphasis on innate enlightenment to a new appreciation for his perseverance and unfulfilled aspirations. Meanwhile, the appraisal of Zigong improved, with scholars placing less emphasis on direct comparison between the two and more on Zigong’s pursuit of diverse forms of learning and enlightenment. By tracing the evolving portrayals of these two central disciples of Confucius, this paper illuminates how Late Ming intellectuals reimagined moral knowledge. Their discourse on the cultivation of enlightenment was shaped by shifting Neo-Confucian paradigms, especially those introduced by Wang Yangming’s School of Mind, resulting in nuanced and contested evaluations of these classic figures in Confucianism.

陽明學; 子貢; 顏回; 悟道; 見聞知識

Yangming School; Zigong; Yan Hui; enlightenment; knowledge