本研究探討了越南語中兩個「量化」成分 đều 和 cũng 的功能。我們採納 Giannakidou and Cheng 2006 及 Xiang 2008 有關漢語 dou 的理論分析，主張越南語中的 đều 是一個「極大化運符」。此理論與Tran （2008） 認為 đều 是一個分配運符的主張不同。此外，我們認為助詞 cũng 只有加性意義。當 cũng 與一個非特定名詞（例如表存在意的wh-疑問詞）相連結時，由於 cũng 能預設一個開放性的替代集合，因此wh-疑問詞的全稱解釋就會出現。這與 Tran（2009）的分析相異。我們認為 cũng 本身並不是一個全稱性量詞，如Tran（2009） 所主張。我們還測試了 đều 和 cũng 的句法位置。我們的分析顯示：đều 和 cũng 都加接到 T’，因為它們必須出現在時態成分之前，並可以自由出現在時間副詞之前或之後。

This study investigates the functions of two “quantificational” elements in Vietnamese, đều and cũng. Drawing inspiration from Giannakidou and Cheng’s 2006 and Xiang’s 2008 analyses of dou in Mandarin, we argue that đều ‘all’ in Vietnamese is a maximality operator, which differs from Tran’s (2008) proposal that it is a distributor. In addition, we propose that the additive particle cũng ‘also’ only has the additive meaning. The universal interpretation of the wh-element arises when it co-occurs with cũng due to a specific property of cũng in Vietnamese: its ability to presuppose an open alternative set. When cũng associates with a non-specific noun, such as a wh-indefinite, the presupposed alternative set encompasses all potentially possible individuals, leading to a universal reading. Contrary to Tran’s 2009 analysis, cũng itself is not a universal quantifier. We also examine the syntactic positions of đều and cũng. Our analysis indicates that both đều and cũng adjoin to T’, as they must precede tense markers and can freely appear before or after temporal adverbs.

極大化; 量化; 加性; 越南語; đều; cũng

Maximality; quantification; additivity; Vietnamese; đều; cũng