對照「五四」時期激烈批判傳統的特點，「後五四」時期於「整理國故」的旗號下所開展的「對傳統的重新詮釋與理解」，是一種有趣的發展。作為「五四」啟蒙運動的主要領袖之一，胡適(1891-1962)在「後五四時期」所推動的「整理國故」運動，不無引發了他批判傳統的忠誠追隨者的困惑。本文針對胡適在「整理國故」時期最具代表性的研究成績之一戴震(1724-1777)思想研究，來探討兩個面向：(1)他如何借用啟蒙思想家所熱衷的具有現代性(modernity)特質的若干理念，來詮釋含有實證主義精神的考證學傳統，以及甚至透過清代的考證學大師戴震，來批判中國的理學傳統；(2)他如何利用具有實證主義精神的考證學傳統，來對照以及反省中國在「五四」啟蒙運動時期到「後五四」整理國故時期的現代性歷程中所面臨的困境與岐路？

During the May Fourth Movement the spirit of the time was to severely criticize and denounce the Chinese tradition. In contrast to this spirit, the post-May Fourth period saw a movement that attempted to reinterpret the Classics. It was Hu Shi (1891-1962), one of the major leaders of the May Fourth Movement, who also launched the new intellectual movement, known as “zhengli guogu” (reorganization of the national past), to reinterpret tradition. His new views puzzled his faithful followers of the May Fourth period. This article uses Hu Shi’s representative work during the “zhengli guogu” period in 1920s, A Study of Thought of Dai Zhen (1724-1777), to answer two questions. First, how does Hu Shi explain the Chinese traditional study of kaozheng (criticism of classics), which shares some Western ideas of positivism, by making use of the modern thoughts touted by modern Chinese Enlightenment thinkers? Furthermore, how does he criticize Neo-Confucianism through his study of Dai Zhen, master of the kaozheng study in the Qing dynasty? And second, from the May Fourth Enlightenment Movement to the post-May Fourth Movement that attempted the reinterpretation of tradition, China encountered difficult intellectual choices in the process. How does Hu Shi face these choices, characterized by the revival of idealism, by making use of the positive philosophy of kaozheng learning?

胡適；戴震；整理國故；批判傳統；理學批判；考據學

Hu Shi; Dai Zhen; Zhengli guogu; Critique of Tradition; Critique of Neo-Confucianism; Kaozheng Learning