清初復古運動下，上自康熙皇帝，下至臣子，針對明末商品經濟變化後之奢靡、有違倫常的世風，給予嚴格的批評。儒學的理念再度出現於士大夫之要求整風易俗以重建社會秩序的工作中，而植基於閨門肅若朝廷的觀念，婦女德行往往成為道德要求的切入點。 清初江南地方官吏張伯行，在其文集、家訓集及告示中，即以重建社會秩序為前提，規範著婦女的行為，如禁止婦女的商品化及市人之追逐金錢的工作取向，並基於內外防閑之觀念而禁止婦女諸種活動，進而以教化的力量建立婦女效法之典範。相對的，從文獻中也呈現出時人及婦女活動的活潑性，正如當時之唱戲、看戲、觀小說、聽說書、信占卜、祀鬼神被時人比之為儒者六經，然而這些活動已是民眾生活中不可缺少的部分。而婦女的頻繁入寺燒香，看春遊河，至婦女觀覽彈詞小說等活動，展現的卻是民風和士大夫的要求走在不同的路線上。

In early Qing China, under the movement to recover China’s past morality, the Kangxi Emperor and his courtiers all sternly criticized the decline of the traditional Chinese order due to the commodity economy in the late Ming. Therefore, Confucians emphasized the task of changing contemporary customs to reconstruct the social order. They believed that social and cultural stability depended on the moral rigor of each individual, especially emphasizing the role of women. In his collected works, household instructions, and notices, Zhang Boxing, a scholar-official from southeastern China in the early Qing, reiterated the necessity of women’s morality for the reconstruction of the social order, such as forbidding women from commercial activities and generally forbidding them from activities outside the home. Although large numbers of people might be subject to official governance, Zhang’s collected works also described the liveliness of women’s and popular activities, including some activities recognized by the Confucian Six Classics: performing and watching Chinese operas, reading novels, listening to storytellers, believing in divining, and offering sacrifices to the gods. Those records also reveal the sheer variety of women’s activities. All these activities showed that folk practices and the standards of literati and officials were going on different tracks.

張伯行；清初；婦女；婦女觀；士大夫

Zhang Boxing; Qing; women; scholar-official