本文探討日本東方式殖民主義統治下臺灣文化民族主義意識型態的形成過程。日治時期臺灣反殖民鬥爭在政治上從同化會運動(1914-1915)失敗後就確立了自決的攻勢原則，但是在文化上卻經歷一段漫長的守勢與摸索之後，才逐漸尋找到主體性的基礎。當反殖民的政治鬥爭在1927、1928 年，就發展出相當複雜的政治的民族主義論述，文化鬥爭卻在二○年代前半，從大正文化主義的啟蒙樂觀，迅速跌落至五四激進反傳統主義造成的中國文化認同的危機，而顯得徬徨猶疑，無所適從。然而一九二○年代後半期「第四階級」的興起，為徬徨之中的文化鬥爭重新提示了一個「民眾文化主義」的方向與「另類的漢文化」的可能性。1931 年，政治的民族主義運動在殖民政府鎮壓下瓦解，但此舉卻將政治鬥爭的能量轉移到文化鬥爭領域之中，使「民眾文化主義」被進一步發展成以臺灣話文為核心的臺灣文化民族主義。由這個複雜的過程觀之，漢族裔臺灣人民族主義意識型態的形成，乃是由政治自決而文化自決，由「共同命運」而「共同文化」，由實踐論而本質主義論的過程。就意識型態內容而言，臺灣民族主義者對日本殖民主義的文化批判，乃是從一九二○年代前期的普遍主義的現代主義，逐漸演化為二○年代後期與三○年代前期的現代主義的本土主義。

This article investigates the process through which an ideology of Taiwanese cultural nationalism was formed under the rule of Japan’s oriental colonialism. The argument can be summarized as follows. Politically, the pre-war Taiwanese anti-colonial struggle had established an offensive principle of self-determination after the defeat of Dōkakai movement (1914-15). Culturally, however, it underwent a protracted process of defensive questioning before it could eventually determine what might constitute the foundation of Taiwan’s national subjectivity. While the political movement had developed rather sophisticated discourses of political nationalism by 1927-1928, the struggle in cultural realm nevertheless fell from the enlightenment optimism of Taisho culturalism in the early 1920s into hesitation and loss of direction after the May Fourth radical anti-traditionalism imported from China brought about a crisis of Chinese cultural identity among many Taiwanese intellectuals in the 1923-1926 period. However, the rise of the “fourth estate” in the latter half of the 1920s led the previously aimless cultural struggle toward a new direction of “popular culturalism” and the possibility of an alternative Han culture. In 1931, Taiwanese political nationalism collapsed under the crackdown of Japan’s Taiwan Government-General, which nevertheless channeled the repressed political energy of Taiwanese nationalists into the realm of cultural struggle and thereby further developed the popular culturalism into a cultural nationalism that featured a discourse of Tâi-oân-ōe-bûn at its core. This complicated process demonstrates that the ideological formation of the ethnic Han Taiwanese nationalism followed an observable sequence from political self-determination to cultural self-determination, from common destiny to common culture, and from discourse of practice to essentialism. Ideologically, the Taiwanese nationalists’ cultural critique of Japanese colonialism, albeit consistently modernist, evolved from a universal modernism of the early and mid-1920s to a modernistic nativism in the late 1920s and early 1930s.

意識型態；東方式殖民主義；差序式吸收；雙重邊陲性；反殖民的現代性；文化民族主義；語言民族主義；臺灣民族主義；臺灣文化；臺灣文學；臺灣研究；臺灣政治思想史

ideology, oriental colonialism, differential incorporation, double marginality, anti-colonial modernity, cultural nationalism, linguistic nationalism, Taiwanese nationalism, Taiwanese culture, Taiwanese literature, Taiwan studies, history of Taiwanese political thought