本文主要討論衡山趙氏祖孫三代以文臣身分統兵，抵禦女真、蒙古人的南侵，進而以軍功入朝執政的歷程，以及其成員在宋、元鼎革之際的遭遇。進而由這個家族所受的評價，分析統兵文官在士人階層中的地位，藉以呈現晚宋政治和士人文化的特色。 自寧宗朝以降，南宋陷入長期的對外戰爭，導致統兵文臣的崛起，一些原本平凡的士人家族，憑藉軍功成為權勢顯赫的世家，衡山趙氏即為其中的佼佼者。但是，這些文官固然藉由投身軍務取得權勢和地位，所面對的挑戰其實十分艱難。既要冒險應付強大的外敵，又常遭受朝中激烈的政治鬥爭的拖累，稍有不慎，即有身敗名裂之虞；而且一旦長期領軍，與武人接觸頻繁，他們文士的身分往往受到質疑。特別是道學興盛後，士人對內在心性修養的注意力遠超過外在的事功，更使統兵工作不受多數士人的認同。顯然，「儒將」的理念固然頗受宋代士人的肯定，但現實環境中的「儒將」卻十分難為。正因如此，即使本身有志於軍功，文人邊帥還是會安排自己的子孫在舉業和文職上發展，以致晚宋的統兵文臣雖多，父子相承邊帥之職的例子卻不常見。衡山趙氏形成三世統兵的現象，實為機緣巧合，而非族人刻意經營的結果。

In the late Southern Song, as the invasions of the Jurchen and Mongol armies triggered repeated military crises over a sixty year period, a group of Song bureaucrats became military commanders. As military commanders with Confucian backgrounds, these civil officials’ careers matched the traditional notion of the “scholar-general” (rujiang). The emergence of a number of scholar-generals not only changed the leadership and organization of the Song armies, but also deeply influenced the politics of the Song court, because these civil officials were often promoted to high-level court positions after achieving success on the battlefield. As the warfare continued, some scholar-generals recruited their relatives to the armies to assist their commands, which had the effect of promoting their descendants’ later succeses in the military profession and in civil office. Thus scholar-general families were established for the first time in Chinese history. Among these scholar-general families, the Zhao family of Hengshan was most important. Starting with the Ningzong reign (r. 1195-1224), Zhao family members became military leaders for three generations—until the end of the Southern Song. Although they achieved significant feats in battle and enjoyed great political power, members of the Zhao family failed to earn wide support from bureaucrats, due to their involvement in political infighting, their close relationship with military men, and the traditional separation between civil and military professions. Moreover, as Neo-Confucianism became more accepted in the Lizong period (r. 1224-1264), most literati concentrated their attention on philosophical scholarship, and their interest in military affairs diminished accordingly. Because the ethos of the civil elite disfavored military careers, even though the members of Zhao family remained ambitious to accomplish military feats, they still tried to arrange for their sons to pass the civil service examinations and become civil officials. This fact reveals the difficult situation which the scholar-general families then confronted, and helps to explain why so few scholar-general families survived into the late Southern Song.

南宋；統兵文臣；文武關係；衡山趙氏；軍事；儒將；理學

the Southern Song dynasty, civil-military relationship, the Zhao family of Hengshan, scholar-general, literati, military leadership, Neo-Confucianism