金元之際北部中國的儒學的復興，是金代後期士人群體思想自覺的產物。它要早於趙復之北行，也並非是受到南宋理學知識衝擊的直接結果。相反，它恰恰代表金代儒學士人在新道教、佛教的不斷擠壓下，謀求重新振作的努力。與以往的學者多強調南宋理學對金代士人的影響不同，本文試圖從金代士人思想發展的內在理路上加以考察。首先，由於北宋後期文化的遺存，金代士人在使用「道」、「道學」等詞彙時，不是指宋代興起的新儒家學說，而是指道教。並且由於代表宋代正統儒學思想菁英士人及其家族大多避兵南下，在金代統治下的北部中國，「新道教」異軍突起，在社會中具有莫大影響，其鋒芒甚至壓倒了儒、釋二家。因此金代士人轉而與佛教合作，力圖與之抗衡，進而謀取自身發展。所以他們不得不對南宋理學家嚴格排斥佛老的言說有所抵制，認為這將「自翦羽翼」。而當南宋「道學」之名傳入北方之初，也曾受到郝經的批評。最終，在金朝統治行將滅亡之前，北方的士人漸漸地建立起了以儒家學說為本的文化認同。「吾道」就是他們用來稱呼自身學術，並藉以與南宋理學相區別的一個術語。而從金代士人倡談「吾道」、「心學」，直到接受南宋傳來的「道學」之名的變化，可以看出金與南宋文化由對峙趨向認同的過程，絕非一帆風順，而是經歷了種種曲折的結果。

During the late period of the Jin Dynasty, the renaissance of Confucianism depended on the awakening of the Confucians. It occurred before the northern tour of Zhao Fu, and was not the direct result of the influence of the Neo-Confucianism (lixue) of the Southern Song. On the contrary, the renaissance can be seen as the effort of the Confucians who lived under the rule of the Jurchen and had struggled against the constant pressure of Neo-Daoism and Buddhism for a long time. This article examines the internal logic of the Jin Confucian renaissance. Because of the influence of the culture of the Northern Song Dynasty, the term “Dao”(Way) did not mean Neo-Confucianism in Jin Dynasty intellectual discourse but rather referred to Daoism, especially the Quanzhen School, a major sect of Daoism that originated in northern China in the twelfth century. Up to the first decade of the thirteenth century, Neo-Daoism dominated the scholarly discourse of northern China. The Confucians of the Jin Dynasty thus turned to cooperation with Buddhists to act as a counterbalance to the Quanzhen School, and seek foster own development. Therefore, they could not identify with the Confucians of the Lixue School, who strictly excluded both Buddhism and Daoism. As the domination of the Jurchen weakened, the Confucians of northern China constructed a kind of cultural identify based on Confucianism. “Our Way” (wu Dao) was the terminology they used to definite their doctrine, and to distinguish themselves from Lixue followers. The process of acceptance of so-called Daoxue (that is, Neo-Confucianism) of the Southern Song by the Confucians of the Jin Dynasty thus ran through many twists and turns, from outright cultural confrontation to final identification with Song Confucianism.

道學; 吾道; 心學; 金代文化; 新道教; 李純甫; 郝經

Daoxue; wu Dao; Xinxue; culture of Jin Dynasty; Neo-Daoism; Li Chunfu; Hao Jing