中古佛典漢語中的「轉」，作為佛教語境中的常見詞匯和核心概念之一，具有多種特殊用法，並與世俗文獻中的用法存在顯著差異。這些用法主要源自梵語與中古漢語的語言接觸，通過語義借貸產生。本文探討了中古佛典漢語中「轉」的借貸義及其具體機制，主要可分為三類：
　　（一）借用義項和隱喻功能。「轉」通過翻譯梵語 pra-√vr̥t 或 √vr̥t 的引申義項「發生、存在、起作用」，不僅借用其義項，還引入詞根「旋轉」所蘊含的隱喻功能，拓展語義範圍，被賦予表征「事物變化、言語或概念 運作」的哲學內涵。
　　（二）借用固定短語中的轉喻用法。翻譯 pra-√vr̥t 時「轉」也表示「讀誦（佛經），宣說（佛法）」。此用法源自《法華經》固定短語「轉法輪（Dharma-cakram pra-√vr̥t）」喻指「念誦、宣揚佛教教義」，「轉」借用 pra-√vr̥t 的轉喻功能，反映佛教語境中的獨特意義。
　　（三）通過借貸強化語義特徵。翻譯梵語 pra-√vr̥t 或 saṃ-√sr̥ 時，「轉」本身的語義特征 [+循環往復] 被強化作 [+恒常不斷，以致無窮]，表示「反復無限地歷經」。這種語義強化在佛教教義中具有深遠意義，體現在「生死輪回」等核心思想中。
　　本文通過同經異譯法和梵漢比較法，揭示中古佛典漢語中「轉」的特殊義項的形成過程及其宗教哲學內涵，為研究梵漢語言接觸和語義借貸提供實證材料和新視角。

　　In Buddhist variations of Middle Chinese, “轉” (zhuan), as one of the common terms and core concepts in the Buddhist context, exhibits multiple special usages that significantly differ from its use in secular texts. These usages primarily stem from language contact between Sanskrit and Middle Chinese, with semantic borrowing playing a key role. This paper explores the special meanings of “轉” (zhuan) in Buddhist variations of Middle Chinese and analyzes the mechanisms of borrowing, which can be divided into three main types:
　　(1) Transferring Lexical Items and Metaphorical Functions: Through translation of the Sanskrit pra-√vr̥t or √vr̥t and its extended meanings of “to happen, to exist, to proceed”, “轉” (zhuan) not only borrowed these semantic meanings from Sanskrit but also incorporated the metaphorical function inherent in the Sanskrit root meaning “to rotate”. This expansion of meaning imbued “轉” (zhuan) with philosophical connotations, symbolizing “the transformation of things” or “the operation of words or concepts”.
　　(2) Borrowing Metonymic Functions in Fixed Phrases: In the translation of pra-√vr̥t, “轉” (zhuan) is also used to mean “to recite/proclaim [Buddhist teachings]”. This usage is derived from the fixed phrase “轉法輪” (dharma-cakram pra-√vr̥t) in the Lotus Sutra, which metaphorically refers to “the propagation and dissemination of Buddhist teachings”. Here, “轉” (zhuan) borrows the metonymic function of pra-√vr̥t, reflecting its unique significance in the Buddhist context.
　　(3) Strengthening Semantic Features through Borrowing: When translating Sanskrit pra-√vr̥t or saṃ-√sr̥, “轉” (zhuan) further emphasizes its inherent semantic feature of being [+circular], reinforcing the semantic feature of [+endless]. This semantic strengthening has profound significance in Buddhist doctrine, particularly in concepts such as saṃsāra (the endless cycle of birth and death).
　　Through methods of comparative translation and Sanskrit-Chinese comparison, this paper uncovers the formation process of the special meanings of “轉” (zhuan) in Buddhist variations of Middle Chinese and explores its religious and philosophical significance. It provides empirical materials and new perspectives for further research on Sanskrit-Chinese language contact and semantic borrowing.

「轉」; 中古佛典漢語; 梵漢比較; 語言接觸; 語義借貸

“轉” (zhuan); Buddhist variations of Middle Chinese; Sanskrit-Chinese comparison; language contact; semantic　borrowing