「共和」與其相關概念、制度是十九世紀以後東亞國家向近代西洋文明習得的重要異質概念與政治制度，尤其在近代東亞國家追求民主的過程中，扮演重要角色。「共和」一詞雖源於中國漢文經典，然其在近代中國思想史上成為一重要詞彙與概念實經由日本的媒介。雖然東亞漢文圈在接受「共和」等近代西方概念時是共時的，但東亞漢文圈內部存在不同的語言與文字書寫系統(有漢文脈與和文脈等差異)，且該概念在歐洲的語言(洋文脈)與思想史中已累積相當豐富多元的意義。本文認為這二點是吾人在探究日本乃至東亞的「共和」概念之政治思想史時當注意的問題。基於以上的考慮，首先，本文將就翻譯的角度來檢討「共和」概念在日本翻譯的過程。再者，從政治思想史和社會史的角度，就幕末樹立雄藩聯合政權的行動與論述，及福澤諭吉的啟蒙論述和明治時期的自由民權論述，乃至就孫文與宮崎滔天的亞洲主義相關論述去探尋「共和」概念在近代日本思想史的意義。然後，在討論黃遵憲和梁啟超、孫文等清末知識人的「共和」論述基礎上，再就立憲派《新民叢報》與革命派《民報》的政治論爭，分析兩派對「共和」理解的差異，及「共和」成為近代中國思想史的重要政治概念的過程。

Gonghe (J. kyowa 共和) was first translated from the Western concept “republic” in Japan in the nineteenth century; later, the translation spread to China. However, in East Asia there existed several different languages and writing systems. We should pay attention to this background when dealing with the problem of translation in Japan and China in the nineteenth century. Based on this consideration, I aim to illustrate the process of the translation of gonghe/kyowa and the development of relevant political discourses in Japanese and Chinese intellectual history in the nineteenth century. I discuss the political movements and discourses of the Bakumatsu period and survey the political discourses of the Freedom and People’s Rights Movement to define the concept kyowa in modern Japanese intellectual history. I then examine the dialogue between Miyazaki Tōten and Sun Yat-sen and the political debates between New Citizen Journal and People’s Journal to see how the concept gonghe became an important political idea in modern China.

共和；日本；中國；翻譯；政治思想

gonghe; Japan; China; translation; political thought