本文將「道德與幸福如何關聯的信念」稱為「德福觀」。過去心理學之德福關係研究可分為兩類 研究典範：幸福理論和正義信念，但都未對德福觀提供有效清楚的分析，因此限縮了理論的發展 和應用。本文旨在提出可以更切實地理解人們德福觀的理論。本文首先回顧心理學典範，並進行 系統性分析和批判；其次梳理德福論哲學，探討其中的心理結構。本文建構出涵攝德福論哲學， 並可以進行研究操作的「多向度德福觀」心理構念模式。此模式將德福觀區分為四個基本構念： 內在調和、外在調和、積極調和、消極調和；以及四個複合信念：內在積極調和、內在消極調和、 外在積極調和、外在消極調和。「多向度德福觀」構念模式有助於釐清現有理論的混亂不明或矛 盾之處，未來可以發展測量工具，並探討德福觀與其他道德心理與行為的關聯與機制，也可進一 步在道德實踐與教育上提供實用建議。

The relationship between morality and well-being is a significant topic in moral philosophy, proposed since the inception of Eastern and Western philosophies, and has sparked considerable thought and discussion. This article refers to the “beliefs about how morality and well-being are related” as “beliefs about congruent good” (BCG). Exploring the content of BCG is of great importance, whether from abstract philosophical thoughts or concrete practical applications. In terms of thought, the issue of the morality-well-being relationship involves the nature and criteria of morality and well-being. In terms of application, moral education, well-being education, and public policy often cite the discourse of BCG. Previous psychological research on the relationship between morality and well-being can be divided into two research paradigms: well-being theories and justice beliefs. The well-being theories paradigm attempts to identify the actual relationship between well-being and morality, thereby establishing constructs and collecting empirical data. The justice beliefs paradigm approaches from the perspective of individual subjective beliefs, suspending the issue of the actual relationship between morality and well-being, and exploring the cognitive and psychological mechanisms of justice beliefs. However, this article argues that neither research paradigm has provided an effective and clear analysis of BCG, thus limiting the development and application of the theory. The reason may be that the current psychological research paradigms on the morality-well-being relationship are insufficiently inclusive of the philosophy of BCG, leading to partial or simplified explanations of BCG. The well-being theories paradigm can be further divided into two main approaches: The hedonic well-being perspective and the eudaimonic well-being perspective. These differing viewpoints form two different constructs of well-being: Subjective well-being and psychological well-being. The hedonic perspective emphasizes “subjective well-being,” which refers to an individual’s subjective experiences and mental states; the eudaimonic perspective emphasizes “psychological well-being,” which refers to an individual’s objective psychological functions and traits. The hedonic perspective adopts an instrumental relationship stance to explore the relationship between morality and well-being, with the most common research topic being the relationship between altruism and subjective well-being. Supporters of the eudaimonic perspective believe that the ideal state of humans is quite diverse, thus proposing many theories to describe various aspects of psychological well-being, and particularly emphasizing the relationship between virtue and well-being, conducting numerous empirical studies to examine whether there is a positive correlation or causal relationship between the two. This article argues that the eudaimonic perspective on well-being has several shortcomings when exploring the relationship between morality and well-being. First, the eudaimonic perspective is based on the philosophical foundation of virtue ethics, with a specific normative ethical stance that presupposes the “congruence of morality and well-being,” making it difficult

德福觀、道德心理學、幸福理論、正義信念

beliefs about congruent good, moral psychology, well-being, justice beliefs