雪浪石被認為是唯一存世的蘇軾（1037-1101）藏石，但其真偽問題的爭論由來已久。然而，卻沒有人質疑根據我們現代的定義來判斷雪浪石的真偽是否合適。本文通過梳理十二至十九世紀與雪浪石相關的文獻、圖像及物質材料，意在指出古物真實性的問題遠超「真偽」問題，而且判斷雪浪石真實性的標準也隨著時間推移而改變。十八世紀以前，雪浪石和盛放它的芙蓉盆都被替換過，但這不影響其「真」，顯示了「真」與原件的鬆散關係。十八世紀重新出現在大眾視野的兩塊雪浪石，則必須通過「失而復得」的新造故事來證明其自身的可靠出處。乾隆皇帝結合文本以外的圖像、物質材料以及實地考察，耗時二十多年卻對雪浪石「真偽」得出前後相反的結論。而十九世紀精英階層的疑古思潮使他們對是否存在「真的」雪浪石及芙蓉盆都產生了消極的態度。

The Snowy Wave stone is believed to be the only extant stone collected by Su Shi (1037-1101), but the debate over its authenticity has long been contentious. However, no one has questioned whether it is appropriate to judge the authenticity of stones according to modern definitions and whether the perception of authenticity itself has changed over time.

This study, through an examination of texts, images, and materials related to the stone from the twelfth to the nineteenth centuries, aims to point out that the issue of authenticity is much broader than simply rooting out forgeries. The perception of authenticity itself has also changed over time. Before the eighteenth century, the perceived authenticity of the Snowy Wave stone came from its historical site rather than from the stone itself. The stone could be repaired or replaced and this would not impact its authenticity, demonstrating a loose bond with the original stone. After removal from its historical site, the Snowy Wave stone(s) had to prove their authenticity with a reliable origin when they reappeared in public during the eighteenth century, which was made convincing through lost-andfound stories. Due to the coexistence of two Snowy Wave stones, the Qianlong emperor researched for over twenty years to determine which one was authentic. Although he ostensibly turned to visual and material evidence and on-site investigations as supplements to textual authority, his notion of authenticity primarily came from inscriptions engraved on the stones rather than the nature of the stones themselves. By the nineteenth century, a pervasive skepticism among the elite made them believe that a concrete determination of the stones’ authenticity was impossible.

乾隆;盛清;真實性;銘文;蘇軾熱;考證學;觀念史

Qianlong emperor; High Qing; authenticity; inscriptions; cult of Su Shi; evidential scholarship; intellectual history