沃斯通克拉夫特(Mary Wollstonecraft, 1759-1797)是十八世紀後期英國重要的激進思想家。相對於學界對於沃斯通克拉夫特豐富的女性主義思想研究，對於她在德性或政治思想的研究仍然相當少，本文盼能補此研究之不足。本文第一部分從沃斯通克拉夫特的理性異議教派信仰脈絡探討其德性思想、共和政治思想與自由理念，進而探討她經歷法國恐怖時期後的思想衝擊。第二部分著重在沃斯通克拉夫特如何思考政治理想在實現過程中所造成的問題和缺失，批判法國革命推動者的德性程度與愛國精神之內涵，並解釋法國大革命過程中為何出現恐怖政治。第三部分指出，沃斯通克拉夫特顯露出十八世紀後期知識分子經歷政治劇變後，對於文明進展和人類可完美性的再思考；她不再支持激進的大規模革命方式，而是改為漸進且務實的改革，透過書籍知識的傳播來教育個人。故沃斯通克拉夫特充實了1790年代後期理性異議教派的激進政治思想內容，融合宗教、德性觀、共和理念與實際經驗，回應啟蒙時代邁向革命時代之動盪。

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797) was a leading British radical thinker in the eighteenth century. Compared with scholarly attention to gender and feminism in Wollstonecraft’s works, her moral and political philosophy after 1792 has received rather little attention. This article focuses on Wollstonecraft’s political thinking. The first section explores Wollstonecraft’s ideas of virtue, republicanism, and liberty based on Unitarianism, and how her ideas changed during the French Revolution. The second section discusses how Wollstonecraft approached the problems and conflicts that occurred or would occur during the fulfillment of a political action. She explained why the Enlightenment ideals turned into political terror, and the future possibility of the Revolution based on her idea of virtue against self-interest and narrow patriotism. The third section points out how Wollstonecraft demonstrated the skepticism of the late eighteenth century. Once she no longer supported radical revolution, she suggested that it was more effective to carry out progressive reforms that were suited to each nation. Her moral and political philosophy, as well as her personal experience during the 1790s, therefore, contributed to the political thinking of the British rational dissenters of this period and offered a response to the problems of the revolutionary age.

沃斯通克拉夫特；法國大革命；理性異議教派；德性；愛國精神

Mary Wollstonecraft; French Revolution; rational dissent; virtue; patriotism