漢娜．莫爾(Hannah More, 1745-1833)是十八世紀末至十九世紀上半葉相當有影響力的英國教育家、福音主義社會改革者、保守思想的宣傳者。莫爾在政治體制和社會階級上堅持保守立場，強調傳統秩序，但同時，她也積極參與社會改革，並取得顯著成就。她的思想上具有矛盾性和緊張性，一方面她不接受洛克(John Locke, 1632-1704)的契約觀，但認可洛克論理性和教育；另一方面，她遵從既有政治秩序和父權體制，卻又強調女性的社會角色與成就，並實踐基督教的慈善理想。這些正是十八世紀末至十九世紀初英國社會的特色，宗教、文化、政治、經濟和技術都出現前所未有的變革、衝突和混亂，思想和訊息的傳達也達到前所未有的速度。因此，本文將莫爾置於這樣充滿動盪的時代背景中，探討她的寫作目的，及其實現社會改革的方式。本文的重點不在於她如何強化舊有規範與道德價值，而在於她如何靈活運用文化和社會資源，為女性提供理性的教育和更高的行動力，並開創出一番社會改革事業。 
本文藉由審視莫爾的作品與行動，指出她的思想與實踐根源於英格蘭國教會信仰與福音主義，並以此推動整體社會的改善和道德秩序重整。雖然她批評商業社會帶來的私慾和世俗化，但恰恰是商業社會的橫向連結網絡、開放性與自由性，促成了她事業的成功。本文第一部分勾勒莫爾的思想，特別是她對女性教育和社會角色的看法，強調她雖主張保守的政治和社會秩序，但並非專制王權和父權的捍衛者。第二部分以三小節探討莫爾與十八世紀下半葉英國道德重整運動的關係，及她如何將基督教的自由和反奴役理念貫徹在現實社會，推動道德教育，促進世俗福祉。第三部分則從莫爾的社會網絡切入，分析她在遵循既有秩序的同時，仍能展現個人主動性；尤其在皈依福音派後，她積極利用社會和文化資源，通過文人聚會和書籍傳播，推動社會改革思想，體現其私領域與公共領域的模糊性和互融性。在革命年代，莫爾這位保守女性既抵制商業社會和民主革命，卻又對社會改革做出極大貢獻。

Hannah More (1745–1833) was a prominent British educator, evangelical social reformer, and advocate of conservative thought during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. While she upheld conservative views on political systems and social hierarchies, emphasizing the preservation of traditional order, More actively engaged in social reform with notable success. Her ideas reveal a series of tensions and contradictions: she rejected John Locke’s theory of the social contract but embraced his views on reason and education. Similarly, although she supported established political and patriarchal structures, she also emphasized women’s social roles and achievements and practiced Christian ideals of charity. These complexities reflect the broader transformations and conflicts of her time, as Britain experienced significant upheaval in religion, politics, culture, and economics, alongside an unprecedented acceleration in the dissemination of ideas. 
This paper situates More within this turbulent historical context to explore her objectives and methods of social reform. It shifts the focus away from how she reinforced traditional norms, instead highlighting how she strategically utilized cultural and social networks to provide women with greater agency while maintaining conservative ideals. It examines how her evangelical faith and Church of England principles shaped her efforts to improve society and moral order. Paradoxically, while critical of commercial society, she relied on its networks to disseminate her ideas and promote reform. 
The first section outlines More’s views on women’s education and social roles, emphasizing that she was not merely a defender of autocracy or patriarchy despite her conservative stance. The second section examines More’s engagement with Britain’s late 18th-century moral reform movement, illustrating how she translated Christian ideas, such as liberty and anti-slavery, into practical reforms, including moral education. The final section analyzes her strategic use of social networks, such as literary salons and book distribution, to promote reform ideas while adhering to existing structures. In an age of revolution, although More opposed both commercial society and democratic revolutions, she leveraged the dynamic nature of these systems to achieve her reformist goals. Her efforts made an enduring contribution to British society.

漢娜．莫爾; 福音主義; 社會改革; 公共領域; 論冊; 道德重整

Hannah More; evangelicalism; social reform; public sphere; pamphlets; moral reconstruction