自1978年以降，對岸的經濟改革，可說一日千里，但政治層面的變化，卻似乎相對有限。近年所推動的城鄉基層選舉，也多由國家動員、黨政主導，但如此的選舉模式，能否產生任何影響，為未來的民主參與奠基？本研究即針對此問題，以上海2003丶2006年兩次居委換屆選舉為研究個案，探討此類動員式選舉參與，對居民「政治功效意識」與「社群歸屬意識」所產生之效果，進而蠡測對岸政治發展的前景。根據作者田野調查發現，經過兩次動員式的基層直選後，凡屬高度參與的社區成員，其功效意識與社群意識均得到強化，低度參與的社區居民，兩層面的效果也有些微進展。就此觀之，中國大陸的民主治理，或許會是黨國體制「有限改革」的動員式選舉下，所可能獲致的非預期後果。

Among the countries undergoing market transitions, China is rather unique in bringing together market economy with authoritarian governance. Facing the challenges of socioeconomic transformation, the Chi­nese party-state responds them with a series of political reforms aiming at strengthening the legitimacy and capacity of the regime. In urban areas, direct elections have been initiated to choose the Residence Com­mittee. Although these elections have been institutionalized, citizens' par­ticipation in these elections is still being "mobilized" by the party-state and therefore, the political consequences of these elections are consid­ered as limited by most China scholars. This paper, after studying the 2003 and 2006 local-level elections in Shanghaicity, however, points to a different direction. We find that the predominant "mobilizational participation" has considerably reshaped the sense of political efficacy and community consciousness of many Shanghainese, especially those partic­ipate deeply and more forcefully. In other words, judging from our field data, the participation experience itself, no matter voluntary or mobil­izational, will surely make a difference. The attitudinal changes among Shanghai citizens thus should be considered as the unintended conse­quences of an authoritarian regime to use elections to consolidate its legitimacy and power.

政治參與; 基層治理; 中國政治; 選舉; 居民委員會

political participation; local governance; Chinese politics; elections; residence committee