研究目的

過去研究依據自我決定理論多探討心理支持透過心理需求滿足，預測適應性動機涉入之「適應性路徑」，較少著墨其「不適應性路徑」。近期研究發現心理支持與控制、心理需求滿足與挫敗分別為不同向度，不能相互推論。因此，本研究採用變項中心與個人中心分析，探討父母心理支持與控制、心理需求滿足與挫敗、以及適應性與不適應性動機涉入之間的複雜關係。

研究設計／方法／取徑

本研究以 833 名國二學生為研究樣本，運用結構方程模式（SEM）進行路徑分析，並輔以集群分析與變異數分析進行個人中心的研究探討。

研究發現或結論

首先，心理支持與控制、心理需求及動機涉入的關係模式具備良好的數據適配度。研究發現父母心理支持能強效正向預測心理需求滿足，但對心理需求挫敗的預測力較弱。相對地，父母心理控制能強效正向預測心理需求挫敗，對滿足感的影響力則不明顯。其次，心理需求滿足能強效正向預測適應性動機涉入，而心理需求挫敗則是預測不適應性動機涉入的主要因子。最後，透過集群分析將父母教養組型分為「低質組」、「低量組」與「高質組」，結果顯示高質組的學生表現最適應，這進一步支持了教養「質」比「量」更為重要的觀點。

研究原創性／價值

本研究發現父母心理支持與控制對孩子適應與不適應行為具備不同強弱的預測效果，揭示了背後運作機制的不同。這讓家長了解在真實教養情境中，應更留意教養的品質（質的觀點），而非僅單純認為涉入越多越好（量的觀點）。

教育政策建議或實務意涵

針對教育與教養實務，本研究提出兩項重要建議。若父母欲提升孩子的適應性狀態，單純減少心理控制效果有限，必須增加心理支持才能見效。反之，若父母欲降低孩子的不適應性狀態，增加心理支持的效果並不顯著，關鍵在於必須減少對孩子的心理控制。

Purpose

Past studies based on self-determination theory have mostly focused on adaptive path analyses by exploring the predictive effect of psychological support on adaptive motivational engagement through psychological need satisfaction. Recent studies, however, have found that psychological support and control are distinct dimensions, and that psychological need satisfaction and thwarting are as well. In this study, variable-centered and person-centered analyses were adopted to explore the relationships among parental psychological support or control, psychological need satisfaction or thwarting, and adaptive or maladaptive motivational engagement.

Design/methodology/approach

The participants were 833 junior high school students. Structural equation modeling, cluster analyses, and analyses of variance were used to process and analyze the data.

Findings/results

The model of psychological support/control, psychological needs, and motivational engagement fitted the observed data well. Parental psychological support was found to be a stronger predictor of psychological need satisfaction compared to parental psychological control, while parental psychological control was a stronger predictor of psychological need thwarting. Furthermore, psychological need satisfaction was a stronger predictor of adaptive motivational engagement than psychological need thwarting. Conversely, psychological need thwarting was a stronger predictor of maladaptive motivational engagement. Cluster analyses of the psychological support/control profiles revealed three parenting profiles: a poor quality group, a low quantity group, and a good quality group. The good quality group was found to be the most adaptive, generally supporting the idea that the quality of parenting matters.

Originality/value

Parental psychological support and control had distinct effects on children’s levels of adaptation and maladaptation. The research highlights that the quality of psychological support/control profiles is more important than the mere quantity of such interactions.

Implications for Policy/Practice

Increasing parental psychological support is a more effective way to increase children’s level of adaptation than simply reducing parental psychological control. On the other hand, reducing parental psychological control is a better way to decrease children’s level of maladaptation than solely increasing parental psychological support.

心理支持、心理控制、心理需求、自我決定、動機涉入

motivational engagement, psychological control, psychological needs, psychological support, self-determination