西元540年春天，薩珊帝國(Sasanian Empire)的庫斯洛一世(Ḵosrow I, 531-579在位)入侵羅馬，劫掠包括安提阿(Antioch)在內等重要城市。這場戰爭不僅是這位波斯統治者即位以來首次對外軍事行動，更是在位期間唯一展演的軍事勝利。藉由考察薩珊政權內外情勢，以及波斯統治階級對先祖的認知，本文探討波斯打破532年「永恆和平」(Eternal Peace)條約以來和平局面，入侵查士丁尼一世(Justinian I, 527-565在位)政權的動機。在境內，自即位以來，庫斯洛一世的統治權威迭受貴族、皇族挑戰，對統治階級的支配更屬有限。更重要的是，彼時波斯不僅喪失對中亞的統治，更淪為嚈噠人(Hephthalites)的附庸。對自認卡亞尼一朝(Kayanids)──《波斯古經》(Avesta)中的上古伊朗政權──後裔的庫斯洛一世來說，上述情勢在衝擊自身與先祖間的連結之餘，更鬆動奠基於此的統治正當性。本文指出，540年出兵羅馬之舉係庫斯洛一世對上述困境，及其所致意識形態危機的因應。事實上，對深具卡亞尼一朝色彩，谷胥納斯普聖火(Ādur Gušnasp)神廟的參拜說明，庫斯洛一世將本次戰爭的勝利與上古卡亞尼諸王功業相比擬。隨著自身的「神賜榮光」(xwarrah)因興兵羅馬取得的勝利而提昇，庫斯洛一世得以強化自身與同受「神賜榮光」庇佑的卡亞尼先祖之間的連結。並進一步鞏固權威，扭轉即位以來的困境。

In the spring of 540 CE, Ḵosrow I (r. 531-579), the Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire, invaded the Roman Empire, sacking important cities, including Antioch. This war was not only Ḵosrow I’s first external war, but the only military victory that the Great King commemorated on multiple occasions. This article explores the motivations behind Persia’s decision to break the "Eternal Peace" treaty of 532 CE and invade the regime of Justinian I (r. 527–565). It examines both the internal and external circumstances that pushed the Sasanian Empire into war, as well as the Persian ruling class’s perception of their ancestors. Sixth-century historians such as Prokopios and John Malalas suggested that members of Persia’s ruling class managed to overthrow Ḵosrow I’s rule. In addition, from the end of the fifth century onwards, Persian rulers were compelled to pay tribute to the Hephthalites after a series of defeats. These military disasters exacerbated an ideological crisis. As demonstrated by his patronage of the temple of Ādur Gušnasp, one of the most sacred fires of Zoroastrianism, Ḵosrow I, like other members of Persia’s ruling class, identified himself with the Kayanids, the legendary rulers of Iran. While the Kayanids defeated Ṭurān, their archenemy in the east, the Sasanids lost control of their eastern provinces. Such a significant gap between ideal and reality shattered the ideological foundation of the Sasanian kingship. The third part of this paper discusses Ḵosrow I’s decision to attack Rome in this context. The possession of xwarrah, a symbol of royal glory and fortune, by not only the Kayanids, but also Iran’s other legitimate rulers, proved to be a vital step in the consolidation of the rule of the Sasanids’ kingship. In the early sixth century, xwarrah could be gained through military victories over anērān (non-Iranians). Therefore, an invasion of Rome—a foreign regime—might have been Ḵosrow I’s attempt to bolster his xwarrah and reinforce his rule, which was under threat from internal and external forces. Meanwhile, since Persia’s ruling class connected themselves to the Kayanids, Ḵosrow I’s successful claim to be their true successor would have been an effective way for him to strengthen his authority. The Roman War in 540 CE can thus be seen as a strategic move to obtain xwarrah, consolidate the connection between himself and Kayanids, and maintain the legitimacy of his rule.

庫斯洛一世; 卡亞尼政權; 神賜榮光

Ḵosrow I; Kayanids; xwarrah