蘇聯對華交涉代表加拉罕 (Л.М. Карахан, 1889-1937) 力主與奉天當局張作霖 (1875-1928) 和平解決中東路問題。加拉罕與奉天當局於〈奉俄協定〉交涉之際，歷經奉天會談、「鮑羅廷草案」、奉天當局反對〈中俄協定〉、〈奉俄草案〉及莫斯科反對〈奉俄草案〉、〈奉俄協定〉最終訂立、〈奉俄協定〉成為〈中俄協定〉附件六個階段。第一次直奉戰爭後，奉系割據東北之局給加拉罕對奉交涉帶來諸多挑戰，奉蘇雙方於中東路收回條件、中東路地畝、松花江和黑龍江航權、盧布賠償、中蘇國界劃分等問題難有共識。因蘇聯軍事威脅和第二次直奉戰爭爆發，奉天當局迅速妥協。奉天當局最終接受加拉罕的條件，訂立〈奉俄協定〉。〈奉俄協定〉背後隱藏著加拉罕於北洋末期內政混亂之局中的外交嘗試與努力。

Lev Mikhailovich Karakhan (1889-1937), the Soviet Union’s diplomatic representative, attempted to resolve the issue of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) in a peaceful manner by negotiating with Marshal Chang Tso-lin 張作霖 (1875-1928) of the Fengtian 奉天 Clique. The negotiation process between Soviet diplomats, led by Karakhan, and the Fengtian Clique can be divided into six distinct parts: 1) a meeting in Mukden in August 1923, 2) the Borodin Proposal, 3) Chang’s denial of the Sino-Soviet Agreement, 4) the signing of the Fengtian-Soviet Draft, 5) Moscow’s rejection of the Fengtian-Soviet Draft, and 6) the confirmation of the Fengtian-Soviet Agreement. Throughout the negotiations, the challenges presented by warlordism and factionalism during the Northern period made it difficult for Soviet diplomats and the Fengtian Clique to reach a consensus on the specifics of additional clauses. However, due to the military threat posed by the USSR and the outbreak of the Second ZhiliFengtian War, the Fengtian Clique was forced to yield. Although there are only minor differences between the Fengtian-Soviet Agreement and the Sino-Soviet Agreement, behind them lie the diplomatic efforts of Karakhan.

Lev Mikhailovich Karakhan; Chinese Eastern Railway; Fengtian-Soviet Agreement; Chang Tso-lin 張作霖; Sino-Soviet Agreement