15期
/
2009 / 12
/
pp. 333 - 414
論清中以迄清晚期學術發展之變局與其中所蘊含之思想脈絡
On the Transformation of the Mid and Late Qing Scholarship and Thoughts
作者
戴景賢 Ching-hsien Tai *
(國立中山大學中國文學系教授 Professor, Department of Chinese, National Sun Yat-sen University)
戴景賢 Ching-hsien Tai *
國立中山大學中國文學系教授 Professor, Department of Chinese, National Sun Yat-sen University
中文摘要

乾隆、嘉慶時期之學術,對於清代之中國而言,其主要意義,可約說為數點: 其一為確立以「經學」作為詮釋「儒學」之主軸;「禮制」於理論上成為義理實踐 之最終體現。其二為確立以「經典詮釋學」作為詮釋「經學」之主軸,而「考據」 為其必要之基礎。「宋學」相對之下,成為遭受批判之對象。其三為重新確認中國 「治統」與「道統」之意義,並確立其立論之主軸。其四為擴展「考證」作為學 術方法之意義,並將之擴大延伸。其五為以「治學」與「文章」作為智識份子之 身份表徵。唯自嘉慶以降,由於政治性議題之加入,產生若干類型之變化。此種 變化,就形態而言,已是「思想導引」重於「方法確立」,故無論嘉、道之龔自珍、 魏源,咸、同之曾國藩,其言經學、詞章,皆難以乾隆時之標準,加以規範。本 文於討論乾嘉考證學之後,續論清中晚期學術發展之變局,欲於其間突出新形態 之學術變化所引動之社會思惟,正是欲區辨此種「思想導引」,與其前考證學所據 以樹立自身學術規模之基礎,二者間之差異。至於由龔、魏而下以至廖平、康有 為之發展,後人所謂「今文學運動」,則顯示道、咸、同以下社會思想之轉變;既 具有社會現實之關照,亦於其間孕含有社會理想之憧憬,二者各有其與當時代之 關連。除此而外之其它領域,如古文詞章之學之更新發展,居士佛學與儒學之交 涉,乃至新學輸入後,新形態智識份子之出現,亦皆有其值得論述之處。本文概 述清中晚期學術乃至思想之發展,除顯示此一時期之所以與前不同,在於外在因素之作用力量,已逐漸勝於學術思惟本身之自我反思外,亦表明此種外在因素之 作用,在結合中、西具有差異之學術思惟之後,無法立即融合成為一單一而完整 之學術觀念,並以一新的形態充分展現自身,故無論經學、詞章、理學、經濟乃 至西學,皆係各自為政。雖則如此,若就思想之匯聚言,則依然有其會流之趨向。 此一趨向,成為民國初年以後中國企圖重建其學術規範時之導引。故其思想之特 質,值得進一步分析。其中最要者,依本文所分析,有二項:一為其思想中所蘊 含之「社會學視野」,而另一,則是其思想中之「哲學視野」。此二項皆在其內涵 中,具體反映此時中國所積累之文化底蘊;值得研史家之重視。

英文摘要

The transformation of the mid and late Qing scholarship has long been recognized as being developed hand in hand with the changing of Qing’s political adjustments and her reformation to face China’s modernization. Among which, the New Text School of Chang Zhou has occupied a prominent position in discussion. But according to the previous research done by the author of this article, the assumption that this so-called “ the New Text School of Chang Zhou”(常州今文學派)was a continuous movement starting from Zhuang Cunyu(莊存與,1719-1788), Liu Fenglu(劉逢祿), followed by Gong Zizhen(龔自珍,1792-1841), Wei Yuan(魏源,1794-1857), and carried on through out late Qing by Kang Youwei(康有為,1858-1927), Liao Ping(廖平, 1852-1932), is actually a misleading interpretation. The process and results of the transformation of the mid and late Qing scholarship and thoughts are far more complicated than most scholars would have expected. The aim of this thesis is set to reinvestigate the various factors that were hidden beneath the superficial phenomena, and to reconstruct a new framework of interpreting the history.

中文關鍵字

清代經學史;清代史學史;清代思想史;乾嘉考證學;中國近三百年學術史;晚清實學

英文關鍵字

Qing philosophy;Qing studies;the mid and late Qing scholarship;the New Text School of Chang Zhou;late Qing