本文主要探討「役人」的服役時間、家戶單位提供「役人」的數量、「役人」服役的年齡範圍以及「役人」的輪替現象，以下依序說明：一、「役人」的服役性質，可分為「戍役」、「土功」及「狩、田」等三種。「戍役」服役時間一般為一年，但亦可依情況不同而延長「戍役」的時間。「土功」服役時間以三旬為期，原則上僅限於冬季時執行。「狩」、「田」同樣也是於冬季時徵發「役人」，一般也是於冬季時執行。二、春秋時代的家戶單位，應是屬於「小型伸展家庭或核心家族」，家戶人口數量為五至七人左右。依據《周禮》記載，服役時每家戶單位原則上徵發一人服役，然則於《左傳》中仍見有同一家戶單位二人服役的情況。筆者認為，有可能是遭遇戰事緊急而擴大徵發範圍，或許不必過於拘執《周禮》的限制。三、《周禮》記載男子服役年齡為二十歲至六十歲，不過《左傳》中仍見有「老幼」服役的記錄。四、依據文獻記載，「役人」服役極其勞苦，因此從常理上而言，必然有輪替的相關制度。雖然目前無法明確了解輪替制度的細節，但常態性的輪替制度應該是確定存在。

This article mainly focuses on the service time of “Yi Ren”, the number of “Yi Ren” every family is recruited, the range of “Yi Ren’s” age during the service, and the rotation of “Yi Ren”. The followings are the conclusions of this article. First of all, there are three different types of “Yi Ren”, including “Shu Yi”, “Tu Gong”, and “Shou Tian”. As for the service time, “Shu Yi” is generally considered one year, but it can also depend on the real situation to extend the duration. The service time for “Tu Gong” is set to be thirty days, and basically in winter. Secondly, the majority of the family in Spring and Autumn period is the so called nuclear family or the small extended family, which is usually made up of five to seven people. According to The Rites of Zhou, the king basically recruits one man from every family for the military service; however, in Zuo Zhuan, it is not rare to see that the king recruits two men from one single family. The author argued that it might be due to the reason that the war was urgent, so the king recruits more warriors to the battle field. As a result, we should not limit the discussion to the The Rites of Zhou. Thirdly, based on the documentation in The Rites of Zhou, the service age is from twenty to sixty years old, but in Zuo Zhuan, we can find the documentation of the service age younger than twenty years old and older than sixty years old. Forthly, according to the literature, “Yi Ren” suffered great toil during the service time; hence, we can reasonabley assume that there must be the system of rotation. Although at this point, the detail of rotation system is still not clear, the existence of roatation surely exists.

《左傳》;役人;役期;服役年齡;輪替

Zuo Zhuan;Yi Ren;service time;service age;rotation