本文回顧了馬克思早期的《一八四四年經濟學哲學手稿》的生態學蘊義。經由生態學所揭示的關係主義內涵，本文梳理了《手稿》中展現的人與自然間的關係，並希冀藉此對馬學重新定位。《手稿》的自然觀大致可從自然的先在性、人的兩面性及勞動辯證法等三個層次來理解。質言之，人雖然是自然的一部份，但由於人必須藉由勞動來對象化自然，才能獲取生活所需，因此使得人與自然環境間產生相互的制約與影響。這個相互影響的關係，體現在人以勞動為手段來人化自然時，其自身也為自然所自然化之上。勞動使人的自然面向和人本身的（存在）面向統一，最後終將致使人類的自然主義和自然的人本主義亦歸趨統一。由於《手稿》超越了傳統人類中心主義的範疇，並朝向非人類中心主義的道路邁進，這使得馬學與當代環境主義有了根本的一致，本文認為此一重要的接點，是未來馬學再興的契機。

This article investigates the ecological relationship of humans to nature in Marx`s early writing, mainly Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. In order to re-examine Marxism, we hope to re-anchor Marxism within contemporary green ideologies. Three complementary aspects can be identified in Marx`s early thought: the objectivity of humans, the subjectivity of humans, and the originality of nature. Since humans cannot exist independently from nature, Marx suggests "dialectics of labour" to harmonise their relations with nature. That is, once applying labour as a mediator to "humanizing" nature, humans in the meantime are also "naturalized" during the process of labouring over nature. Understanding this interrelationship of humans and nature, his thought is no longer anthropocentrism, but something beyond it. This promising linkage between Marxism and environmentalism is, we believe, the only way that Marxism can re-intervene in contemporary life.

馬克思;《一八四四年經濟學哲學手稿》;自然;生態學

Marx; Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844; nature; ecology