本文回顧原始越語支（Vietic）的雙音節單詞到越南語單音節單詞的弱化現象(reduction)以及越南語濁輔音的發展。Thompson (1976:1131-1133) 重建的越芒語支(Viet-Muong)以及後來Ferlus (1982 & 1992)重建的原始越語支都假設塞音*p/t/c/k 和 *b/d/ɟ/ɡ的擦音化發生在雙音節之間的位置和前音節丟失時，也因此產生越南語聲母‘v' [v]、‘d' [z]（來自假設的中古越南語 *ð）、‘gi'[z]（來自假設的中古越南語*ʒ)，以及單音節詞中的 'g/gh' [ɣ]。本文比較相關的原始越語支和上古漢語詞彙的重建，語音資料支持Thompson和Ferlus的假設，但同時也揭示了更複雜的情況。 提出不同的見解解釋二語學習者為何會犯下這些錯誤,但是非常少研究發 現二語學習者犯的錯誤在不同的不及物動詞間有非常大的差異。Sorace 的 分裂不及物動詞階層理論將不及物動詞加以分為「核心」、「次核心」及「邊 陲」三個階層。近來,這個理論已被用來應用在二語學習者在不及物動詞上 的習得狀況。本研究應用此理論來重新檢視中文母語者在學習英文上的過 度被動化現象。實驗要求受試者用英文描述含有不及物動詞的圖片。結果 發現受試者在「次核心」及 「邊陲」兩個階層所犯的過度被動化錯誤遠多 於「核心」。此外,研究結果也支持非賓格理論。

One of the most well-known errors in second language acquisition is This study reviews the reduction of disyllabic Proto-Vietic words to monosyllabic Vietnamese words and the development of Vietnamese voiced fricative onsets. Thompson (1976:1131-1133) in reconstructing Proto-Viet-Muong, and later Ferlus (1982 & 1992) based on his Proto-Vietic reconstructions,2 hypothesized the spirantization of stops *p/t/c/k and *b/d/ɟ/ɡ in previous intervocalic positions and the loss of presyllables, resulting in Vietnamese onsets ‘v’ [v], ‘d’ [z] (from hypothesized Middle Vietnamese *ð), ‘gi’ [z] (from hypothesized Middle Vietnamese *ʒ), and ‘g/gh’ [ɣ] in monosyllabic words.3 For this study, relevant Proto-Vietic and Old Chinese lexical reconstructions were compared, and the phonological data partially supports this claim while revealing a more complex picture. First, the changes involve classes of sounds rather than specific consonants (e.g., Vietic labial material (excluding nasals or implosives) in intervocalic position becomes Vietnamese ‘v’ [v] in onset position). Also, while this tendency is dominant in available data, some exceptions exist: (a) reconstructed disyllabic words for which modern Vietnamese items lack lenited onsets and (b) reconstructed monosyllabic words for which Vietnamese items have voiced fricative onsets, but without apparent conditioning factors. Evidence shows these features in modern Vietnamese developed many centuries later than in Sinitic.

越南語, 原始越語支, 上古漢語,音韻史

Vietnamese, Vietic, Old Chinese, historical phonology