本文係考察1911 至1930 年之20 年間，中國現代文化保存法制的誕生及其發 展過程。在梳理檔案文獻過程中，不難發現中國現代文化保存法制之確立，不僅 曲折，而且複雜。總括來說，它的法制化歷程，不僅有時代潮流的潛移默化，亦 有突發事件的激化，再有外部性西方考古勢力的侵逼，更有內部性古物偷盜破壞 的激發。因雜揉此諸般的內外因素，再透過民族主義的隱然推波，終造成國家文 化保存意識的覺醒，也迫使政府採行一連串的行政作為及救濟措施。 1916 年10 月，北洋政府公布「保存古物暫行辦法」，接著內務部續頒「古物 調查說明書」及「調查古物表式」等命令，以為施政之準據。1928 年10 月底， 中央研究院歷史語言研究所成立，帶動中國現代考古學新學科的興起，相繼為中 國學界示範了嶄新的研究視野與方法，再加上傅斯年及李濟兩位知識中堅，分別 擔任當年主管全國古物保存事權機關—大學院古物保管委員會及中央古物保管委 員會兩會委員，與聞國家文化保存政策的擬訂，並推動相關古物保存行政。 又1928 至1929 年間，冀豫兩省分別爆發「商震訴辭案」與「何日章案」等 事件，而兩事件背後所隱含的意義，即地方政府似有意侵奪國家文化保存事權。 當事件接連爆發後，國府有感茲事體大，若不及時處理，日後將割裂國家文化保 存事權，遂即交立法院，以不到一年的時間完備立法程序，於1930 年6 月2 日公 布「古物保存法」14 條。至此，民國以來的國家文化保存法制化之首步進程，於 焉告竣。 因此，檢視中國現代古物保存法制此20 年的發展，略有三大特色：首先在法制形式上，係由行政命令階段邁向國家法律的進程；其次在規範標的上，即由原 本具有款識古器物的範疇，漸替擴張至現代考古學的出土材料。再次在法制維護 上，係以中國考古學作為該項法制備援的角色。上揭三者，無非是中國現代文化 保存法制之早期圖像及其動態演繹的過程。

This paper will examine the legal design and development of the law-making on cultural heritage in modern China. The evolving process revealed its complexity and complications due to foreign and domestic pressures. Facing the intruding oppression from western archeology, the stealing and devastation of antiquities within China and spreading influence of nationalism, Chinese government was aware of the fact that antiquity trafficking was a serious problem. With all the external and internal pressures and followed by ethos of nationalism, the government finally was aware of the importance of cultural heritage conservation and forced to take necessary administrative measures to meet the demand. Beiyang Government (the Warlord regime) firstly announced “Provisional Administrative Measures on Antiquities Conservation” in October 1916. Ministry of Interiors also announced Antiquity Investigation Charts and Manual of Antiquity Investigation administrative rules as emergency measures. Founded in the end of October 1928, the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica initiated indirectly the rise of modern archeology in China as a new discipline opening a fresh academic perspective and offering new methodologies, and furthermore promoted by scholars such as Fu Sinian and Li Chi. As a member of Antiquities Conservation Committee of the Academy and Central Commission for the Preservation of Antiquities, the two scholars also participated the policy making and implementation of national cultural heritage preservation in China. A few major incidents took place in the north of China from 1928 to 1929. The outbreak of “Shang Zhen Argument” (the dispute between local and central government over cultural heritage authority) and He Zi-zhang (Director of Henan Museum) Incident, the two events jeopardized the authority of cultural heritage conservation handled by Central Government. The Nationalist Government realized if they did not take these matters seriously, which would lead to disruption of authority about cultural heritage. The central government ordered the Legislative Yuan to initiate the legalization process. The Legislative Yuan finished the law-making within 6 months, and announced Regulation of Antiquities Conservation with only 14 articles on June 2nd 1930. Up until now the legalization of Chinese cultural heritage preservation was completed. Reviewing the development of legalization of Chinese cultural heritage in the recent 20 years, there are three major characteristics. Firstly, in terms of legal form the legalization was an advancing process from administrative orders to national law-making. Secondly, in terms of the legal target, the scope of legalization from antique objects extended to the raw materials of modern archeology. Thirdly, in the respect of safeguarding the legalization, Chinese archeology played a supportive role in the process of legalization. The aforementioned characteristics have provided an early picture and evolving process of legalization of Chinese cultural heritage.

古物; 文化資產; 古物保存法; 中國現代考古學; 文化保存法制

antiquity; cultural heritage; Regulations of Antiquities Conservation; Chinese modern archeology; cultural heritage law-making