郊是18世紀至20世紀於東亞貿易相當活躍的商人團體，卻除了臺灣史學者 之外，少被重視。其出現時間，也眾說紛紜。本文透過各種檔案文獻和多年來 國內外田野調查資料，首先論證康熙年間以施琅為首的福建和臺灣文武官員如 何大量控制商品，甚至對外貿易，而影響臺灣商業貿易的發展。其次，釐清 1725（雍正3）年，文武衙門的官莊被充公之後，地方的公共建設轉嫁至民間， 商人鋪戶逐漸參與捐輸。但直至1763（乾隆28）年，蔣允焄任臺灣知府，才促使當時控制臺灣最重要出口商品糖往華中以北貿易的商人，率先成立北郊。最後，一方面說明乾隆40年代，隨著臺灣中、北部土地拓墾和水田化的發展，控制臺灣與福建米穀貿易的商人，由南郊分化出泉郊和廈郊。除了逐漸落籍臺灣的商人之外，泉郊最初則主要由施琅宗族羽翼下的晉江海商組成。另一方面，1780年代以前，臺灣府城（臺南）由於是臺灣政治、經濟以及文化中心，鹿耳門又是唯一合法對渡的正口，隨著市場和貿易規模的擴大，郊進一步出現外郊（同一航線貿易商人團體）和內郊（同業商人團體）的分化，並擴張到腹地內重要的港街笨港和鹽水港。

The jiao was a very active form of merchant community in East Asian trade from the eighteenth to twentieth centuries, but apart from historians of Taiwan, scholars have paid little attention to it. There are also many different opinions about when it first appeared. This article uses materials from various archives as well as results of many years of field investigations conducted at home and abroad to demonstrate the following: First, during the Kangxi period (1662-1722) the civil and military officials of Fujian and Taiwan headed by Shi Lang controlled a large number of commodities and even foreign trade, which affected the commercial development of Taiwan. Secondly, after the official manors (guanzhuang) were confiscated in 1725 the responsibility for local public works was transferred to the people, and merchants gradually participated in the related contribution campaigns. However, it was not until 1763, when Jiang Yunxuan became the prefect of Taiwan, that the merchants who controlled the most important export commodities of Taiwan were prompted to trade with north of Central China and first set up the Beijiao (Northern Jiao). Finally, in the fourth decade (1775-1784) of the Qianlong reign, along with the development of land reclamation and paddy fields in central and northern Taiwan, merchants who controlled the rice trade between Taiwan and Fujian, hitherto belonging to the Nanjiao (Southern Jiao), were differentiated into the Quanjiao (centered on trade with Quanzhou) and Xiajiao (centered on trade with Xiamen). In addition to merchants who gradually settled in Taiwan, most members of Quanjiao were originally Jinjiang maritime merchants supported by the Shi Lang clan. Moreover, before the 1780s Fucheng (present-day Tainan) was the only political, economic, and cultural center in Taiwan, and Luermen was the only legal official port. With the expansion of market and of the scale of trade, the jiao further split into waijiao (outer jiao) and neijiao (inner jiao), and expanded into the important port cities of Bengang and Yansuigang in the hinterland.

施琅; 官莊; 臺灣船; 糖船; 晉江商人

Shi Lang; official manor; Taiwan ship; sugar ship; Jinjiang merchants