本文以內生性制度變遷觀點說明「觀念啟發」、「紅線區」與 「權力結構」論，此三者較適於探討人大組織制度、黨代會常任制、 村委會組織制度生成原因。本文指出馬列主義、毛、鄧思想等，影響 人大民主、黨內民主與社會民主的發展順序。從「三大民主」制度比 較中，可得知一旦違反改革底線，制度便無法生成；若不違反「紅線 區」與「四個堅持原則」，則制度可被逐漸落實。因而，相對多數的 支持力量僅能增添黨代會常任制的相關規範，不足以促使此制度正式 落實。

In terms of endogenous institutional change, concepts such as “idea enlightenment,” “red-line area” and “power structure” are more suitable to explain factors which generate the institution of the National People’s Congress (NPC), the permanent system of the party congress, and the institution of the village committees in authoritarian China. The paper finds that Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong’s thought and Deng Xiaoping’s thought, respectively, influence the developmental sequence of NPC democracy, intra-party democracy, and socialist democracy. Comparison of the three major democratic institutions suggests that democratic institutions cannot be realized if they violate the reform’s bottom line. Only when a democratic institution does not challenge the “red-line area” and the “Four Cardinal Principles”, can it be gradually realized. Relative plurality of political support will improve the pertinent regulations for the permanent system of the party congress, but are not sufficient to formally implement the institution.

內生性制度變遷;人大民主;黨內民主;社會民主;紅線區

Endogenous Sources of Institutional Change; National People’s Congress Democracy; Intra-Party Democracy; Socialist Democracy; Red-line Area