本文討論十九世紀臺灣「番地」由封禁邊疆轉型為現代領土的政策論辯過 程。筆者以官方檔案、地方志書與個人文集為基礎,除說明清代臺灣「番地」 問題的長期歷史與制度背景,並指出十九世紀島內移墾、開港貿易、及殖民接 觸等新歷史趨勢,對於清初以來臺灣邊疆封禁政策的影響。進而分析各時期政 策論辯過程,所反映出的清代領土觀念及治理策略的轉變。筆者指出清代臺灣 邊疆治理的決策過程,與晚清政經情境、臺灣地方差異以及清代各級官員之領 土觀念有密切關連。而清初「番界」政策雖將臺灣「生/熟番」原住民分類加 以空間化,然諸如「化番」等曖昧範疇的存在,則成為十九世紀臺灣「番地」 問題與政策論辯的主要焦點。例如噶瑪蘭的納入版圖、水沙連的持續封禁,以 及琅嶠的國際交涉與主權論爭,均反映出十九世紀邊疆封禁傳統持續與轉型的 不同面向及動態。而清末「開山撫番」運動除廢除「番界」政策,更進而成為 臺灣「番地」領土化的先聲。上述臺灣邊疆治理的複雜歷史過程,提供了理解 清代殖民主義內涵以及國家與邊區社會關係的重要個案。

This paper explores the changes in Qing territorial perceptions and frontier policies in nineteenth-century Taiwan. I trace the territorial question of aboriginal Taiwan to Qing quarantine doctrine in the eighteenth century and outline important historical contingencies and different local circumstances that shaped official debates on the aboriginal boundary policy in Gemalan and Shuishalian in early nineteenth century. Moreover, I point out the impacts of Sino-foreign negotiations and especially the territorial crisis of Japanese invasion in Langqiao that transformed Qing territorial discourse in the 1870s. The famous kaishan fufan campaign signifies the changing nature of Qing colonialism from passive quarantine to aggressive colonization. Despite the efforts of progressive officials, the late Qing colonial project was limited by its military, administrative and financial capacities in opening the mountains and pacifying the aborigines. Moreover, the territorialization of aboriginal Taiwan was continued by the Japanese colonial government after the cession of the island in 1895.

十九世紀臺灣;番界;封禁;開山撫番;領土化

Nineteenth-century Taiwan; Aboriginal Boundary; Quarantine; “Opening the Mountains and Pacifying the Aborigines (Kaishan Fufan)”; Territorialization