本文從比較帝國的觀點出發，將清朝視為歷史上的殖民帝國之一。筆者並且將奏摺視為殖民檔案，認為奏摺與奏摺制度有助於清帝國治理其殖民地。本文以滿文奏摺為主要討論重心，並將重點放在清代康熙朝宮中檔與臺灣熟番相關的三件滿文奏摺上，從歷史人類學與後殖民理論的視角加以分析其獨特性。透過比較滿文奏摺與漢文方志對於臺灣熟番的修辭與表述，發現在這三件滿文奏摺中，除留下罕見的諸羅縣各番社的熟番人口記載以及清廷對於臺灣熟番的態度之外，同時也透露出康熙朝晚期，清廷除了提倡生番歸化的文化主義政策以外，可能也同時存有務實的聯熟番制生番的政策構想。這些訊息有助於研究者重新檢視清朝治臺的殖民論述與族群政策。本文試圖說明，即便滿文奏摺與漢文方志同屬清帝國的殖民檔案，但由於文類不同，因此兩者對於臺灣熟番的敘事與修辭也有所不同。透過不同語文與文類的帝國檔案比較，有助於研究者突破倚賴漢文方志所造成的限制。同時對於了解清帝國殖民論述與修辭的多樣性，也可收互補之效。本文作為一份初步研究，除了與當代的平埔族研究對話外，也希望能夠引起相關學界對於滿文材料的重視，以促進未來相關材料的發掘與研究。

In this paper, I argue that the Qing Dynasty can be seen as a colonial empire in the context of comparative imperial history. From this perspective, palace memorials can be viewed as a kind of colonial archives reflecting the effort of the Qing Empire in governing its colonies. Three Manchu palace memorials concerning Taiwan's "civilized” savages during the Kangxi reign (1662-1722) using the methodologies of historical anthropology and postcolonial theory were examined. The Qing Empire classified 'barbarians' into civilized (shou) or "cooked" and uncivilized (sheng) or "raw" people, according to their relative distance from the central, dominant culture. I will analyze the representational and rhetorical features of three Manchu palace memorials, dated from 1717 to 1722, and compare them with the Chinese local gazetteers, a different type of document. Even though palace memorial and gazetteer are both colonial archives of the Qing Empire, their narrative and rhetoric constitute essentially different genres. Through comparing these different genres in Manchu- and Chinese-language archival materials, we can breakthrough the limitations imposed by using Chinese-language materials exclusively. Analyzing a diversity of documents further highlights the multiplicity of Qing colonial discourse and rhetoric. The themes of this paper are in dialogue with contemporary Pingpu (civilized, or "cooked" savage) studies; at the same time, I also endeavor to draw Manchu-language documents into the mainstream of academic discourse.

清朝;臺灣;熟番;滿文奏摺;殖民檔案

Qing Dynasty; Taiwan; civilized savages; Manchu palace memorial; colonial archive