陳獨秀是近代中國思想史和政治史上的重要人物，考察他早期的思想和活動，有助於真切了解他的思想發展脈絡。過去學者在這個方面雖然已經有不少研究，但是史實敘述有錯誤，觀點也有值得商榷之處。本文重新梳理他晚清時期的思想和活動，主要的論點有四：第一，1903年陳獨秀在安慶藏書樓召開拒俄演說會，是他首次公開領導政治活動。這次演說會被視為安徽革命運動的開端。本文從文獻發現他參與創辦安慶藏書樓，指出他因此和安慶趨新之士有更密切的往來。這項發現釐清了他於1901年首次前往日本留學的背後因素，同時解答了他1903年得以在藏書樓召開拒俄演說會的原因。第二，陳獨秀於1903年創辦皖城愛國會，過去的研究因為引用資料錯誤把時間誤為1902年，並且作出他此時已由「康黨」轉為「亂黨」的論斷。此項錯誤已傳襲四十年。本文考據文獻史實，對此提出糾謬。第三，由於陳獨秀在民國時期思想和政治方面都具有開創性的影響，許多學者不免對他早期的思想和政治活動作了過高的評價。本文指出，他在晚清安徽地區是思想和行動的先驅者，但是影響是地區性的。他對國家思想、科學、民主的闡述都是很基本的知識，沒有超過梁啟超等人論述的範圍。第四，陳獨秀思想的重要內容，包括國家思想和進化論觀點，都受到康有為、梁啟超的啟蒙。他從改革派轉變為革命派以後，還是抱著從根本改造的信念。梁啟超對他的影響一直持續到民國初年。

Chen Duxiu is an important figure in the history of modern Chinese thought and political history. Examining his early thought and activities will give us a deeper understanding of his thoughts. There have been many studies of Chen, but these include some mistakes. This article reexamines his thought and activities during the late Qing Dynasty. It focuses on four main points. First, in 1903, Chen Duxiu gave a speech against the treaty with Russian in the Anqing Library, which was his first public political activity. This speech has been regarded as the beginning of the Anhui revolutionary movement. This article finds that he had participated in the establishment of the Anqing Library and had close contacts with those who advocated new ideas in Anqing. This clarifies the background of his first trip to Japan in 1901, and why he was able to give this speech in 1903. Second, Chen Duxiu founded the Anqing Patriotic Association in 1903. Past research has misinterpreted the time as 1902 because of errors in citations. These studies thus led to the conclusion that Chen had changed from a “reformist” to a “revolutionary” at that moment. This error has been repeated for forty years. Third, many scholars have overestimated the influence of Chen Duxiu’s early thought and political activities on the basis of his later prominence in the political and intellectual vanguard in the Republic of China. This article points out that he was already in the vanguard in the Anhui region during the late Qing, but his impact was regional. His interpretations of nationalism, science, and democracy were very basic and did not go beyond what Liang Qichao and others were already saying. Fourth, the important elements of Chen Duxiu’s thought at the time, such as nationalism and the theory of evolution, were directly inspired by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. After Chen became a revolutionary, he still believed in fundamental transformation. Liang Qichao’s influence on him continued until the early years of the Republic of China or longer.

陳獨秀 ;梁啟超; 康黨; 亂黨; 安慶藏書樓

Chen Duxiu; Liang Qichao; reformist; revolutionary; Anqing Library