本文揭示滿洲國「民族協和」理念的實踐及其困境。日本民族學∕民俗學原先目的在於理解日本民族自身，並且擺脫以西方觀點詮釋其他文明的單一視角，惟在日本帝國擴張並領有殖民地後，民族學∕民俗學研究也產生變化。在滿洲，多元民族的構成使得殖民當局提出了「民族協和」的口號，希望沖淡漢族的歷史文化影響，民俗學∕民族學研究則成為實踐其理念的工具。當中各式各樣舊慣與傳說的調查裡，對鄂倫春族的調查工作是最具代表性之活動。筆者也透過大間知篤三及藤山一雄的經歷，以及其他在滿日人的文學作品為例，探討滿洲國與日本在民族觀點上的歧異。簡言之，與最初目標不同，這樣的民俗研究與民族協和理念形成一把雙刃劍，凸顯出帝國單一民族神話的困境，也促使日本以「地域主義」或其他意識形態重整其擴張與侵略活動。

This article examines the predicament of Manchukuo’s “Concordia of Nationalities” doctrine as it was practiced. Japanese ethnology/folklore studies were initially intended to develop an understanding of the Japanese nation itself and to cast off the dominant Western perspective for interpreting other cultures, but with Japanese imperial expansion and the acquisition of colonies, ethnology and folklore studies began to change. Faced with Manchukuo’s diverse ethnic composition, Japanese colonial officials coined the slogan of a “Concordia of Nationalities” in hopes of diluting Han Chinese historical and cultural influence. Ethnology/folklore studies then became a tool for putting this doctrine into practice. In the various Japanese surveys of old myths and legends, of which investigations into the Oroqen are the most representative, Manchuria is shown to be non-Han in nature, with efforts made to draw links to Japan. Despite this, the Japanese in Manchuria changed their views on the “Concordia of Nationalities” and began reflecting on the validity of colonial policy. This study reveals a divergent sense of nationality between Manchukuo and Japan, as seen in the experiences of Omachi Tokuzo and Fujiyama Kazuo, as well as in the literary works of other Japanese in Manchuria. In short, despite initial intentions, these types of folklore studies and the “Concordia of Nationalities” formed a double-edged sword that exposed the predicament of the empire’s mythos of a unitary nation and also prompted Japan to take up “regionalism” and other ideologies in an effort to recalibrate its aggressive and expansionist activities.

滿洲國 ;民族協和; 民俗研究 ;日本帝國主義; 殖民主義

Manchukuo; Concordia of Nationalities; folklore studies; Japanese imperialism; colonialism