面對中日全面戰爭，國軍如何備戰？蔣中正的戰略規劃為何？相關研究已有長期的積累。本文延續此重要課題，另闢蹊徑，將最高參謀機關的作為引入視野。自十九世紀以來，最高參謀機關已成為列強高層軍事組織的核心，高層參謀提供情報、準備計畫細節、轉達作戰命令、監督統帥意志之執行。中國清末軍事改革，軍制仿西方、日本重新建立，亦設有相似組織。民國建立以後，此組織定名為參謀本部。由於民國初年制度不上軌道，參謀本部並未發揮作用；然而國民革命軍北伐以後，參謀本部重新組成，改頭換面，開始有所作為。蔣中正本人以軍事委員會委員長職務為人所悉，其實他也兼任參謀總長一段時間，推動與監督對日國防作戰計畫的擬訂。本文全面梳理參謀本部擬訂的國防作戰計畫，探討這些計畫擬訂者為誰？如何擬訂？計畫相互關係為何？演變脈絡為何？計畫有無引敵南下或移轉日軍作戰線的戰略企圖？最後討論開戰之後，計畫的初期實踐狀況。本文指出，相較於國軍基層參謀不受重視，最高層的參謀本部有所作為，在德國軍事顧問協助之下，實地考察全國要地，擬訂各層次的軍事計畫。這些計畫非僅紙上談兵，確能掌握日軍可能動向，並且在開戰初期付諸實施。於上海開戰係既定計畫，但計畫並無引敵南下的戰略企圖；鞏固西南根據地以備國軍節節西撤亦屬計畫一環，但開戰後對華北、沿江、沿海並不輕易放棄。參謀本部的規劃除了後來普遍認識的在廣大空間運動戰、游擊戰，更重視攻勢防禦、與敵決戰、反攻堅城，以及大規模的陣地戰。

How did the National Revolutionary Army prepare itself in the face of the full scale outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War? What were Chiang Kai-shek’s military plans? These issues have long occupied scholars. This article seeks a new path that leads to new discoveries by closely examining the endeavors of the military’s staff organization at the highest levels. Among the Great Powers, from the nineteenth century onwards, the highest levels of military staff gradually became the core of their top level military organizations. The general staff provided information, drafted detailed military plans, transferred military orders, and oversaw how the commander executed war plans. The same organization could also be found in late Qing China when the empire undertook military reforms in imitation of the Western and Japanese systems. In Republican China, this organization came to be named “General Staff Headquarters.” In early Republican years, military institutions were still embryonic; therefore, the General Staff did not exert significant functions until it was reorganized after the Northern Expedition. While Chiang Kai-shek was often known by his post as Chairman of the Military Affairs Commission, few remember that Chiang concurrently held the post of Chief of Staff for a long time in order to supervise the planning and drafting of national defense strategies against the Japanese forces. This study examines the national defense plans made by the General Staff Headquarters. It tries to answer the following questions: Who made the plans? How? What were they? What were the relations between these plans? How did plans develop over time? Was there any intention to draw the enemy southward or divert the Japanese army’s operational line? Lastly, this study discusses the execution of the plans when the Sino-Japanese War broke out. It finds that in contrast to low level staff units, who tended to be ignored, the General Staff Headquarters was able to inspect key strongholds nationwide under the suggestions of German military advisors and drew up plans on all levels. These plans did not merely exist on paper. They were able to foresee the deployments of Japanese armies and were effectively executed in the early stages of the war. The Battle of Shanghai was pre-planned without strategic intention to draw the enemy southwards. To strengthen Southwestern strongholds in preparation of the National Revolutionary Army’s retreat was also stated in plans, while the areas in northern China, along river banks, and on seacoasts were not intended to be abandoned easily. Apart from drawing up well-known plans such as mobile warfare and guerilla warfare over large spaces, the General Staff also laid emphasis on strategic techniques such as active defense, decisive battle, counter-offensive, and large-scale trench warfare.

蔣中正 ;參謀本部; 國防作戰計畫; 法肯豪森; 陣地戰

Chiang Kai-shek; General Staff Headquarters; National Defense Plan; Alexander von Falkenhausen; trench warfare