「遠征」源自歐洲長久的探索旅行，至近代西方帝國以遠征為途徑，一面加強對外擴張和治理，也一面建立起新的知識體系，是成就帝國的關鍵之一。在缺乏西方文化傳統的俄羅斯帝國，十八世紀初期為滿足帝國的需要，也發展出現代化的遠征，本文在此探討西方科技傳播的一段經過。誕生於十八世紀初的俄羅斯帝國，事實上僅有帝國之名，缺乏帝國之實。沙皇為了打造「帝國」而推行改革，此過程中藉由遠征獲取殖民地和繪製地圖。大量的遠征因由政府推動，得以將學術中央化，也為俄羅斯塑造出西方帝國的形象。而政府動員的遠征雖能快速達成目標，卻致使學術成為權力運作的空間。至十九世紀民族主義興起，遠征被當作承接民族傳統的實際行動，前人遠征也成為論述歷史的材料，於是科學活動開始對歷史學產生影響。原本為了符合帝國條件而擁有的殖民地，在懷念先祖成就時，從外部領地變成歷史上的故土，也讓俄羅斯帝國增加了民族國家的身分。帝國時期的歷史書寫延續至蘇聯，基本架構在於以位居中央又具有主導的俄羅斯民族為主體，無形中保留了帝國的思維。和過去不同的是，蘇聯政權將遠征和地理學的科學理性運用於印證唯物主義史觀。本文最後觀察遠征研究在現今俄國史學所具思維和展望。

Expeditions were derived from long-standing traditions of European exploration. Expeditions were used by the modern Western empires as a way to strengthen external expansion and governance, and to establish new knowledge systems. They were one of factors in building empires. This article investigates how the Russian Empire, originally outside of Western traditions, developed modern expeditions, and which needs of the empire were met through its Westernization reforms, thus highlighting a part of the dissemination of Western science and technology. The Russian Empire, born in the early eighteenth century, only had the name of empire but not its reality. In order to build an empire, the Tsar carried out reforms. In this process, he acquired colonies and developed cartography through expeditions. Since a great many expeditions were launched by the government, the sciences could be developed under centralized control, and maps also shaped an image of Russia as a Western empire. Although the expeditions mobilized by the government could achieve its goals quickly, they made science into a space of power operation. With the rise of nationalism in the nineteenth century, expeditions were transformed into practical actions to carry on national traditions, and earlier expeditions also became the materials for historical discourse. Thus, scientific activities began to have impact on historiography. Remembering the achievements of the ancestors, the colonies that were initially acquired as an expression of empire were changed from external territories into a homeland in the context of national history, and the Russian Empire gained a nation-state identity in addition to its imperial nature. Basically, with the Russian nation as the central and dominant body, the historical writing of the imperial period continued into the Soviet era, still retaining the imperial ideology. Unlike the past, however, the Soviet regime applied the scientific rationalism of expedition and geography to prove historical materialism. Lastly, this article addresses the thoughts and prospects of today's Russian historiography.

遠征 ;俄羅斯帝國; 地理學; 科學院 ;科學史

expedition; Russian empire; geography; academy of science; history of science