明中晚期的三股風潮：文學復古運動、心學運動、制藝風潮。三者看似不同領域，但所形成的風潮卻彼此交集交錯而相關。文學復古與心學運動盛於明中期，而制藝風潮興起於明末，三股風潮同時並存，但此興彼伏。過去較多從大方向看士人如何應對各種運動或風潮，文化中心區與大人物尤為焦點。中心區往往反應思潮的變換及走向；大人物的特色則較為凸顯，例如心學家專談心學而少在詩社，詩人吟詩作對而不常涉及心學，制藝名家也較少被心學的問題所困擾。至於地方上的小讀書人，我們固然可以推測他們在這三波風潮中，應該既接觸心學、詩文，也寫制藝，並隨著風潮而轉換，而被其他的兩種風潮所困擾。過去苦於材料不足，我們很難去詳細了解這些默默無聞的小讀書人的狀況。所以本文主要聚焦在後鄧元錫時代，直到明末的這段時期，尤其是以涂伯昌為中心的新城士人如何應對從陽明心學到制藝風潮的轉變。鄧元錫與涂伯昌各自屬於新城的兩大族，新城僻處山區，文教並不發達，從嘉靖朝以後直到明末的舉人進士共約四十餘人，而出自鄧、涂二人家族的便佔了1/3左右。其他的舉人、進士也有不少人是鄧元錫的門人弟子，或涂伯昌的友人。所以鄧元錫去世以後，藉由其族人，仍有不小的影響力，至於涂伯昌亦然。鄧、涂二人，可說是不同時期的新城士人群體的中心人物。藉由觀察這段時期的新城學術，可以看到從心學講會衰微到制藝文社興起的這段時期的過程與變化。

Three major trends marked literati life in the mid- and late Ming dynasty: the literary restoration movement, the Mind-learning movement, and the eight-legged-essay-writing trend. The three trends seem to be in different fields, but they intersected one another. The literary restoration and Yangming Mind-Learning movements flourished in the mid-Ming dynasty, while the eight-legged-essay-writing trend arose at the end of the dynasty. Many scholars have examined at how elites responded to various movements or trends from a general perspective and have focused on major intellectual figures. These major figures were often devoted to a particular trend and were representative of it. At the same time, local and minor elites were exposed to these three trends, and often oscillated between them. Given the lack of sources, it is difficult for us to understand in detail the conditions of these minor scholars. This article focuses on the period from the post-Deng Yuanxi era until the end of the Ming dynasty, examining how the minor elites of Xincheng County, Jiangxi, dealt with the change from Yangming Learning to the trend of craftsmanship of eight-legged-essay-writing. Deng and Tu Bochang can be said to be the central figures of the Xincheng elite groups in different periods. By observing the Xincheng scholarship during these periods, we can see the process and changes of the culture from the decline of Yangming learning to the rise of the craftsmanship.

鄧元錫;涂伯昌;制藝;八股文;心學

Deng Yuanxi; Tu Bochang;craftsmanship of eight-leggedessay-writing; eight-legged-essay-writing;Yangming Learnin