關於中國老年史的探究，學界多聚焦於敬老理念與政策的探究，較少論及老人身體養護知識於中國歷史中的發展軌跡。事實上，中國在宋元之間已出現以養老為名的專書，而這些養老專書問世的原因、主旨及影響，則仍有待深入探究。本文以老人養護知識為關懷核心，首先聚焦北宋陳直《養老奉親書》，從其將養老定義為人子孝養家中雙親，並強調養老首重食療而非藥療，突顯「養老」與「養生」概念之間的差異。其次，本文重視元代鄒鉉《壽親養老新書》對陳直一書的增補，細究其文人化傾向對養老知識的影響。最後，本文透過廣搜明代養老醫學專書、養老專篇、醫方集成、日用類書、士人文集等史料，發現陳直與鄒鉉的養老專論，未僅止於匯流入明代養生著作，而更確立了明代養老專類知識的樣貌。綜言之，本文透過分析宋至明代養老專論的變化，彰顯中國養生概念因養老知識的出現與傳衍，實有曲折多線的發展，希冀藉此一方面填補中國老年醫療史的研究空缺，另一方面亦重新理解宋明之間「養生」與「養老」知識的分野與互涉。

Previous scholarship on the history of old age in China has largely emphasized ideals and policies concerning respect for one’s elders and put less emphasis on knowledge about nourishing elders’ health. However, specialized texts on nourishing, or providing for, the elderly, titled Yanglao Fengqin Shu (Book on Nourishing the Elderly and One’s Parents) and Shouqin Yanglao Xin Shu (New Book on Prolonging the Life of One’s Parents and Nourishing the Elderly), appeared during the SongYuan period. The reason why these two books were published, the difference in their themes, as well as their impact on health knowledge on old age are still awaiting a systematic analysis. Therefore, through focusing on the knowledge on nourishing the elderly, the article at first analyzes Chen Zhi’s Yanglao Fengqin Shu in the Northern Song dynasty, finding the process of defining “Yanglao” as “the filial son nourishing the elderly,” stressing on food treatment taking precedence over medicinal treatment, which let the concept of “nourishing the elderly” become independent from the concept of “nourishing life”. Secondly, the article focuses on Zou Xuan’s supplement to Chen Zhi’s work, titled Shouqin Yanglao Xin Shu, examining how it influenced the dissemination of specialized health knowledge on old age and also discussing how Zou Xuan infused the field with the literati’s way of thinking. Lastly, the article reconstructs the continuity and change in the knowledge of elderly care that took place during the Ming Dynasty by using important texts on nourishing the elderly, documents concerning theories of medicine and prescriptions, popular encyclopedias for daily use, and the anthologies of scholars. By systematically examining the content of texts on nourishing the elderly during the Song-Yuan period and how said knowledge was merged with other forms of knowledge in the Ming dynasty, the article highlights the multiple developments of the concept of “nourishing life” in Chinese due to the emergence and distribution of knowledge on nourishing the elderly. In this way, the article fills the gap concerning old age in studies of the history of health in China and simultaneously strengthens our understanding of the disparities and interactions between “nourishing the elderly” and “nourishing life”.

《養老奉親書》;《壽親養老新書》;老年;養老;養生

Yanglao Fengqin Shu; Shouqin Yanglao Xin Shu; old age; health knowledge; nourishing the elderly; nourishing life