清廷於嘉慶 15 年（1810）正式在今天的宜蘭成立噶瑪蘭廳，這個決策 部分是為了處理 4 萬餘違法移墾的漢移民。移民中祖籍漳州佔九成以上，有 違臺灣北部漢人祖籍的比例，此現象的成因是本文要探討的課題。本文指 出乾隆 50 年代林爽文事件（1786-1788）以來不利各籍合作移墾的氛圍下， 吳沙拓墾集團提供漳籍移墾噶瑪蘭的有利條件，控制噶瑪蘭對外交通樞紐三 貂、組織漳籍移民和資源、以鄉勇名義應對官府，促成漳籍為主移墾社會的 建立。 本研究揭示民間力量可以是地方社會建立的主要力量。噶瑪蘭的移墾， 官方充其量只是輔助性的角色，而吳沙拓墾集團等民間勢力才是主角，是區 域發展和地方政治中不可忽視的力量。此外，拓墾集團固然是要角，不乏其 他勢力的競爭，包括底層移民在內的各方勢力，仍然可以有限度地左右歷 史。這兩點應可作為清代臺灣其他地區的移民、開發與地方社會的形塑、國 家與社會互動研究的參考。

In 1810, the Qing Empire established Gamalan subprefecture in contemporary Yilan county, Taiwan. This was in response to the presence of over forty thousand illegal Han migrants. Over ninety percent of these migrants claimed their native origins to Zhangzhou in Fujian province instead of Quanzhou in Fujian province or Guangdong province. This percentage did not accord with that of the Han Chinese population in northern Taiwan where these migrants previously based. This present article explores this mystery and demonstrates that since Lin Shuangwen Incident (1786-1788), the atmosphere was tense for people of different native origins to cooperate, and Wu Sha Land Reclamation Organization, featuring salient Zhangzhou presence in its leaders, investors, and recruited migrants, provided good conditions for Zhangzhou people to migrate. This organization controlled Sandiao which was located at the nodal point of two migration routes between Gamalan and northern Taiwan, mobilized resources to support its invasion of Gamalan, and utilized "maintaining militia" (Xiangyong) as a pretext to rationalize its illicit land reclamation. In short, this organization shaped a local society featuring a strong Zhangzhou presence. This study shows that nonofficial forces can be key players in area development and local politics. The official was secondary in the reclamation of Gamalan. In addition, although Wu Sha Land Reclamation Organization seems to be at the center of Gamalan's development, migrants and other competing forces indeed also had their roles. These two points are transferable knowledge for the study of migration, land reclamation and local society formation in other parts of Taiwan and the study of the interaction between state and society.

噶瑪蘭；林爽文事件；祖籍人群分類；吳沙拓墾集團；鄉勇

Gamalan；Lin Shuangwen Incident；native-place collaboration；Wu Sha Land Reclamation Organization；xiangyong (Militia)