日本的社區形成、造街開始於 1960 年代，已有半世紀以上的歷史。本 論文的目的想究明日本的社區形成、造街在此半世紀中，到底如何的開展 呢？現在的狀況為何？目前還有何種課題存在呢？日本的社區形成、造街是 1960 年代十分風行「住民參加與自治」為理念根柢的住民、市民運動，社 區形成、造街現在可說是地區住民主動參與，參與程度已深化或成熟化之階 段。 本論文中筆者在自己參與的兩個社區形成、造街調查報告書（《NPO 市民活動調查》．2013 年、《町內會調查》．2008 年）中已證明上述之事實。 但是另一面透過 2000 年以後政府的社區政策文書中亦可證實，社區形成、 造街也可定位為重要的國家戰略之事實。如此的期待可說是對社區形成，造 街的角色扮演過剩，在東北大地震後更上一層樓的期待社區形成、造街的功 能。如何克服上述期待，邁向日本社區形成，造街中真正的目標。此目標即 推行基於住民參與而形成的地區自治，地區分權之如何推進？此為目前之課 題。無論如何，日本的社區形成、造街、地區自治目前確是發揮力量之重要 時刻。

It is more than half a century ago when community making and community building were started in Japan. The aim of this article is to clarify how the community making in Japan has developed in more than 50 years, what is the present situation of it and which problem it has. It can be said that community participation and autonomy, which are ideas of "resident movement" and "civic movement" in the 60s, underlie Japanese community making, and that the current situation of community making is in the phase of deepening and maturation of local residents' active efforts. That is verified in this article by reviewing author's two reports about her research on community making (Civic activity research, 2013; Neighborhood association research, 2008). However, on the other hand, it is fact that community making is regarded as an important national strategy, as the national document of community policy after the late 2000s show. After the Great East Japan Earthquake, community making has been expected "excessively" to play an important role. It is a challenge how to overcome that expectation and advance local autonomy and decentralization of power in a way which Japanese community making has intended. In any case, it is sure that Japanese community making and community building now face a crucial moment of local autonomy.

日本社區形成；社區總體營造；住民參加；地區自治；社區

community making and community building in Japan；community participation；local autonomy；community policy