本文分析歸納「 勇猛」一詞的意含為：勇敢、強健、堅毅、 剛決堅固、無所怯劣、有大勢力、不退、無畏、自在、精進。在 比對數段由 Vaidya 所校現存尼泊爾之梵本 Gaṇḍavyūhasūtra 與漢 譯《華嚴經》之結果後顯示： 一、《華嚴經》四十卷本中，長達六頁有關甘露火王之內外 德之經文，可說是結合佛教轉輪聖王與漢文化仁王賢君之思想呈 現，這段經文在梵本以及其他漢譯中皆找不到相對應之段落，是 四十卷本所特有。這表示，般若翻譯《華嚴經》四十卷本時所依 據之梵本，與流傳到二十世紀，Vaidya 校勘之 Gaṇḍavyūhasūtra， 應為不同之版本。 二、「 精進」與「 勇猛」常見並用為「 勇猛精進」之因，可能 是為了兼顧梵、漢文不同的語意與表達方式。梵文 vīrya 之原意 為：勇氣、強壯、英雄行為（即「 勇猛」之意），而漢譯佛典中之 「精進」常表努力精勤修學善法。「勇猛精進」一詞才能完整表達 以無比勇健的心行精勤修學諸菩薩行。

This article analyzes the implication of the concept “vigor” 勇猛and concludes that the term implies, brave, strong, perseverant, resolute and steadfast, fearless, endowed with great strength, nonretrogressing, dauntless, unconstrained ability, and zealous. After comparing the extant Sanskrit Gaṇḍavyūhasūtra found in Nepal and edited by Vaidya with the Chinese Huayan Jing of various translations, we conclude that:1. The passages found in the Forty-Fascicle Huayan Jing containing the description of the inner and outer virtues of the Lord of Nectar show a combination of the Buddhist idea of the Wheel-turning Monarch and the Chinese idea of a benevolent emperor. These passages were not found in either the Sanskrit version or the other Chinese translations of the Huayan Jing. This indicates that the original Sanskrit version on which the Forty-Fascicle translated by Prajña is based is a different text from the extant Vaidya edition.2. The terms “zealousness” 精進 and “vigor”勇猛 in the text were often used as a compoud “valor-effort” 精進勇猛. The frequent use of this compound in the Huayan Jing suggests the translator took both Sanskrit and Chinese into consideration. The Sanskrit word “vīrya” (which means “vigor” 勇猛) literally means brevity,strength, and heroic deeds (which means “vigor” 勇猛). On the other hand, in the Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures, the term “zealous” 精進 often signifies “exerting oneself zealously in cultivating wholesome qualities.” Thus, the compound “vigorzealousness” 勇猛精進 is used as a complete expression for demonstrating the highest vigorous mind in zealously learning and cultivating the Bodhisattva practice.

勇猛、精進、Gaṇḍavyūhasūtra、vīrya

vigor; zealousness; Gaṇḍavyūhasūtra; vīrya