本文的寫作目的在於闡發深刻的文學作品應該蘊含作者存在狀態的描述與說明，詠物之作亦不例外。選擇杜甫題寫鷙鳥的一組詩作為例，追索詩人面對現實存在格局的生命感懷，以及鷙鳥主題轉變間的關聯。詩人少壯時期建構了以鷙鳥表徵「大臣正色立朝之義」的主題模式，首在〈畫鷹〉詩透露熱切求用的入世情懷，〈鵰賦〉進而宣告詩人發展成熟穩定的從政理念，對於展現才用、嚴判善惡、以及用舍進退的問題有深刻的思辨。直到安史亂起，時異勢異，鷙鳥主題發展出幾重變奏：（一）描摹蕭瑟於粉墨之間的畫中鷙鳥，抒寫詩人與肅宗朝廷疏隔，理想受困於存在情勢的沉痛心境。（二）詠寫受知得用的鷙鳥，收拾自我用世之心，以理想志業託付效用於朝廷的壯士。（三）贊歎在野鷙鳥的自發義行與自用風姿，反映詩人對民間力量的重新體認與棄官退守的心境。因此，觀察詩人鷙鳥主題的衍變，也正看到一個懷抱理想的士人，在實踐過程中的鬱困、修正與調適。文末試以理與勢的消長作為主軸，建立杜詩鷙鳥的座標圖作結。

The aim of this essay is to expound that a profound literary text should contain descriptions and explanations of the author's state of existence. The essay selects a set of Tu Fu's poems on birds of prey as an example to explore the author's thoughts and feeling aroused by the realities he faces, and its relationships with the transformation of the images of the birds of prey as a theme. The poet constructs a subject model on his ambition to be an official of integrity in his youth. For example, the poem " Portrait of the Eagle" shows an enthusiastic to make contributions to the society, while "Ode to a Falcon" expresses the poet's more mature political ideal. Profound insights are revealed in confronting the problems of displaying one's talents, distinguishing between good and evil, and serving the public good or withdrawing into one's private life dilemma faced by tradtional Chinese scholars. Owing to the An-Shi rebellion, with the drastic change of political climates the theme on the 'bird of prey' develops into several different patternsl, displaying(describing) birds under a bleak scene in the picture, expressing the poet's alienation from the court during Emperor Su Zhong period, a profound grief aroused by the conflict between the ideal and the rality; 2) describing those birds of prey which serve the hunter well and thus projecting his respect to the heroes who serve the court; 3) praising the virtues of the wild birds of prey, reflecting his recognition of the power of the commom people and his state of mind to become a hermit. Therefore, by observing the transformations of the theme, we can see how an idealistic scholar overcomes and adjusts himself while facing obstacles and frustrations. By examining the relationship between the poet's ideal and the historical situation, a framework of references to Tu Fu's poems on 'bird of prey' are constructed.

杜甫、鷙烏主題、詠物、存在、畫鷹、鶻

Tu Fu, theme on birds of prey, description, existence, portrsit of eagle