俄羅斯的公民自由在蘇聯解體後大幅放寬，俄國史上從未落實的民主政治由此推行。不過俄國的民主改革早在十九世紀的帝國時期便已展開，其後蘇聯境外的流亡知識分子鼓吹民主自由，皆代表了俄國近代史上的民主化歷程未曾間斷。 民主政治始於追求個人自由與平等的社會地位，但如何創造自由與賦予平等，在各國政體實現的程度不一。俄國自由主義理論分歧，起因於不同派別所期望的自由形式和政府制度不同。本文探討俄國知名歷史學家密留可夫（Павел Николаевич Милюков, 英文Pavel Nikolayevich Miliukov, 1859-1943）的政治思想，由這位身兼學者和自由主義政黨領導人的論述，瞭解其民主改革的目標。密留可夫曾於1917年俄國革命前參與政黨運動和憲政改革，革命後活躍於國際間，他在革命前後所支持的國家體制差異甚大。其論述依據為何，是否和歷史情境有關，皆為本文研究重點。本文希望由一位人物乃至一個政黨的政治理念，瞭解俄國的自由主義，並認識俄國民主化的經過。

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, civil liberties in Russia have significantly expanded, as well as democracy, which had never been implemented in Russian history. However Russia’s democratic reforms started in Empirical time and the Soviet intelligentsia in exile advocated democracy and freedom from abroad. This represents a continuous process of democratization in Russia's modern history. Democracy begins with the pursuit of personal freedom and social equality, but how to achieve liberation and equality in countries with varying political orders? Different theories of Russian liberalism envision different forms and systems of government. This article includes a discussion about the political and ideological views of Russia’s well-known figure, historian and politician, Miliukov (1859-1943). Before the revolution, Miliukov was involved in political movements and constitutional reform and after the revolution he was active internationally. During both periods he was very supportive of differences in government orders. This article focuses on what Miliukov’s reasoning was based on and how it was related to the historical situation of that time. Hopefully, this article will give an understanding of Russian liberalism, the Russian democratization period and the political ideas of an individual or a party.

密留可夫；自由主義；俄國歷史學；俄國史；白色移民

P. N. Miliukov；Liberalism；Russian Historiography；Russian History；White émigré